SAVING ENERGY AND REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS WITH ELECTRICITY LIGHTING FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS

301 Pages·2011·14.906 MB·English

by  Clark W. Gellings

Saving Energy and
Reducing CO Emissions
2
with Electricity

Saving Energy and
Reducing CO Emissions
2
with Electricity
Clark W. Gellings, P.E.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gellings, Clark W.
Saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions with electricity / by Clark Gellings.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-10: 0-88173-667-8 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-88173-668-6 (electronic)
ISBN-13: 978-1-4398-7012-9 (Taylor & Francis : alk. paper)
1. Electric power--Conservation. 2. Industries--Energy conservation. 3.
Carbon dioxide mitigation. I. Title.
TK4015.G36 2011
621.31’2132--dc22
2011000044

Saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions with electricity / by Clark Gellings.
©2011 by The Fairmont Press, Inc.. All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Published by The Fairmont Press, Inc.
700 Indian Trail
Lilburn, GA 30047
tel: [phone]; fax: [phone]
http://www.fairmontpress.com
Distributed by Taylor & Francis Ltd.
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Distributed by Taylor & Francis Ltd.
23-25 Blades Court
Deodar Road
London SW15 2NU, UK
E-mail: [email protected]
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10: 0-88173-667-8 (The Fairmont Press, Inc.)
13: 978-1-4398-7012-9 (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher,
authors, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions.
Contents

Chapter Page
1 INTRODUCTION – ELECTRICITY’S ATTRIBUTES .........................1
Electricity Powers Growth .....................................................................4
Electricity Powers Digital Devices ........................................................4
Electricity: Gateway to the Electromagnetic Spectrum ......................6
Technical Attributes of Electricity .......................................................10
Economic .................................................................................................13
Resource Use ..........................................................................................13
Electricity Leverages Exergy ................................................................15
References ...............................................................................................18
2 THE CONCEPT OF ELECTRIFICATION ..........................................19
EPRI’s Prism and MERGE ....................................................................24
Electricity Technology Under a Carbon-Constrained Future .........26
MERGE Analysis ...................................................................................28
European Climate Foundation ............................................................32
Eurelectric ...............................................................................................32
Conclusions ............................................................................................36
References ...............................................................................................38
3 CO REDUCTIONS THROUGH EXPANDED
2
END-USE APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY ................................39
Introduction ............................................................................................39
The Climate Stabilization Challenge ..................................................40
Power Delivery and End Use ..............................................................41
Total Resource Efficiency ......................................................................43
Sources of CO Reductions ..................................................................47
2
Energy Savings From Beneficial New Uses .......................................48
Reductions in CO Emissions From Beneficial New Uses ...............49
2
Identifying and Screening Technologies ............................................51
Technical and Realistic Potentials by Sector ......................................55
Japanese Study .......................................................................................57
European Study .....................................................................................60
United Kingdom ....................................................................................60
Conclusion ..............................................................................................61
References ...............................................................................................61
v
4 ELECTRIC ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION ....................................63
The Rebirth of Electric Cars .................................................................66
Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles....71
Smart Charging ......................................................................................73
Truck Stop Electrification .....................................................................77
Truck Driver Benefits From TSE ..........................................................78
Two Major Types of Truck Stop Electrification .................................78
Societal Benefits From TSE ...................................................................79
Emission Reduction Benefits of TSE ...................................................80
Conclusions ............................................................................................80
References ...............................................................................................80
5 ELECTRIFYING OFF-ROAD MOTIVE POWER ..............................81
Forklifts ...................................................................................................84
Airport Electrification ...........................................................................89
Seaport Electrification ...........................................................................92
Railroad Electrification .........................................................................99
Mining Electrification .........................................................................103
New Opportunities for Electrification ..............................................104
References .............................................................................................105
6 BENEFICIAL INDUSTRIAL USES OF ELECTRICITY:
INDUSTRIAL INTRODUCTION AND
PROCESS INDUSTRIES .....................................................................107
Process Industries ................................................................................110
Food Processing ...................................................................................111
Membrane Processing .........................................................................121
Freeze Concentration ..........................................................................125
Microwave Heating and Processing .................................................127
Desalination ..........................................................................................135
Electrolytics ..........................................................................................137
New Applications for Mechanical Energy .......................................139
Electrifying IC Motor Applications ...................................................140
Municipal Waste and Water Electrification .....................................143
Conclusion ............................................................................................148
References .............................................................................................148
7 BENEFICIAL INDUSTRIAL USES OF ELECTRICITY:
METALS PRODUCTION ...................................................................149
vi
Metals Production ...............................................................................149
Dielectric Heating ................................................................................157
Resistance Heating and Melting ........................................................165
Conclusion ............................................................................................167
References .............................................................................................167
8 BENEFICIAL INDUSTRIAL USES OF ELECTRICITY:
MATERIALS FABRICATION ........................................................169
Materials Fabrication ..........................................................................169
Electron Beam Machining ..................................................................174
Electric Discharge Machining ............................................................174
Electrochemical Machining ................................................................175
Electroforming .....................................................................................176
Electrochemical Finishing ..................................................................177
Laser Beam Machining .......................................................................177
Electron Beam Welding .......................................................................178
Laser Beam Welding ............................................................................179
Plasma Welding ...................................................................................179
Resistance Welding ..............................................................................180
References .............................................................................................186
9 BENEFICIAL COMMERCIAL BUILDING
USES OF ELECTRICITY ................................................................187
Space Conditioning .............................................................................187
Variable Capacity Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps for
Commercial Buildings ...................................................................192
Advanced Heating and Cooling Technologies ................................200
Space Conditioning and/or Water Heating Using
Carbon Dioxide (CO ) Refrigeration Cycle .................................208
2
Water Heating ......................................................................................211
Food Service .........................................................................................215
Laundry.................................................................................................218
Other Commercial Applications........................................................219
Medical Electronics .............................................................................225
References .............................................................................................226
10 BENEFICIAL RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
USES OF ELECTRICITY ................................................................227
Space Conditioning (Heating and Cooling) ....................................227
vii
Water Heating ......................................................................................233
Residential Appliances .......................................................................234
Conclusions ..........................................................................................238
References .............................................................................................238
11 ENHANCING ENERGY EFFICIENCY ............................................239
Other Estimates of the Potential for Energy Efficiency ..................243
Historic Perspective on Energy Efficiency .......................................251
References .............................................................................................254

12 DEMAND RESPONSE .......................................................................257
Definitions ............................................................................................260
Background ..........................................................................................261
Four Building Blocks of Demand Response ....................................263
Where is the Biggest Impact? .............................................................263
The Potential for Summer Peak Demand Savings
from Utility Programs ....................................................................264
Examples of Real Applications ..........................................................266
How to Enable Demand Response ...................................................271
What Does DR-Ready Entail? ............................................................272
Why Aren’t Today’s Appliances, Information
Technology and Consumer Electronics DR-Ready? ..................273
Alternatives to Enabling DR-Ready End-Use Products ................274
A Possible Approach Toward Implementation
of DR-Ready Programs ..................................................................279
Identify Underlying Drivers and Interests
among Key Stakeholders ...............................................................279
Determine State of Industry and Technology
Including Drivers and Barriers .....................................................282
Define Product Attributes that Warrant
“DR-Ready” Designation ..............................................................283
Build Coalition with Strategic Partners ............................................284
Develop Roadmap of Target Products .............................................284
Develop standards for exchanging information
with smart appliances ....................................................................285
References .............................................................................................286
Index ...............................................................................................................287

viii
Foreword
While this book was being readied for press, the U.S. Department
of Energy’s Energy Information Administration (EIA) released its short-
term energy projections (EIA/STEO, October 2010). These projections
are not good news for the U.S. economy and argue strongly for increased
electrification.
It appears that 2010 will see the first increase in the U.S. energy in-
tensity in many years. Historically, the rate of decline in the U.S. energy
intensity has been around 1.5% per year over the last 50 years. In fact, in
some years, the decline has exceeded 2.5%. EIA projections indicate an
increase of 0.6% this year, driven in part by a 2.6% growth in gross do-
mestic product (GDP). In part, the increase is also driven by decreasing
investments and a reduction of asset utilization (e.g., factories reducing
shifts).
This calls for an international imperative to make existing uses of
electricity as efficient and practical as possible, as well as to electrify all
inefficient fossil-fueled uses of energy.
ix