Satisfying STEM Education Using the Arduino Microprocessor in C Programming

220 Pages·2015·7.08 MB·English

by  Brandyn Moore Hoffer

East Tennessee State University
Digital Commons @ East
Tennessee State University
Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works
8-2012
Satisfying STEM Education Using the Arduino
Microprocessor in C Programming
Brandyn Moore Hoffer
East Tennessee State University
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Hoffer, Brandyn Moore, "Satisfying STEM Education Using the Arduino Microprocessor in C Programming" (2012).Electronic Theses
and Dissertations.Paper 1472. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1472
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Satisfying STEM Education Using the Arduino Microprocessor in C Programming
_____________________
A thesis
presented to
the faculty of the College of Business and Technology
Department of Engineering Technology, Surveying and Digital Media
In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
Masters of Science in Technology
with a concentration in Engineering Technology
_____________________
by
Brandyn M. Hoffer
August 2012
_____________________
Dr. J. Paul Sims, Chair
Mr. Garth R. Ghearing
Mr. William K. Hemphill
Keywords: Arduino, microprocessor, technology education, programming, computer science, STEM
ABSTRACT
Satisfying STEM Education Using the Arduino Microprocessor in C Programming
by
Brandyn M. Hoffer
There exists a need to promote better Science Technology Engineering and Math (STEM)
education at the high school level. To satisfy this need a series of hands-on laboratory
assignments were created to be accompanied by 2 educational trainers that contain various
electronic components. This project provides an interdisciplinary, hands-on approach to teaching
C programming that meets several standards defined by the Tennessee Board of Education.
Together the trainers and lab assignments also introduce key concepts in math and science while
allowing students hands-on experience with various electronic components. This will allow
students to mimic real world applications of using the C programming language while exposing
them to technology not currently introduced in many high school classrooms. The developed
project is targeted at high school students performing at or above the junior level and uses the
Arduino Mega open-source Microprocessor and software as the primary control unit.

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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my family who has continued to encourage me to pursue
higher education and a successful future. First, I would like to dedicate this to my mother
Carolyn Hoffer who supported my curiosity in technology at a young age despite the damage it
caused to numerous electronic devices. Her continuous support of my decisions and
encouragement over the years kept me in school despite changing majors and universities several
times. Her willingness to let me make my own decisions in life has allowed me to develop into
the person I am today and I could not ask for better. I would like to thank my father Brett Hoffer
who has supported me in my decisions and assumed much of the financial burden of the extreme
price of putting a kid through college. He has taught me the value of hard work and dedication
and been an ever present example of how those qualities directly affect success in the “real
world” and personal life. I would also like to thank my grandparents Rolland Vogt and the late
Eva Vogt who supplied me with magnifying glasses, VCRs, and other electronics that originally
sparked my interest in science and technology. Their praise for learning how to hook up and fix
various devices and computers made education in the field of technology an obvious and
satisfying choice once I was ready to make it.

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ACKNOWLDEGEMENTS
I would like to thank Dr. Paul Sims for the education and opportunities he has provided
me with over the years. His interest in my education is the reason I joined the M.S. of
Engineering Technology program at ETSU, and I am very thankful for his knowledge and
generosity.
I would like to thank Mr. Garth Gearing for volunteering to oversee all of my
independent studies and Topics in Technology courses. His help has allowed me to gain valuable
hands-on experience and provided me a continuous outlet for exploration in the field of
Electronic Technology.
I would like to thank Mr. William Hemphill for dedicating his time and knowledge in
helping create the Trainers. If it wasn’t for his valuable input, the prototype trainer would be a
dysfunctional wreck comprised of plastic, superglue, and duct tape.
I would also like to thank Matt Crum and Benjamin McMurry for their assistance with
the creation of the first prototype trainer as well as their input and knowledge on mechanical
engineering and design.
Finally I would like to thank the Arduino open source development team and all of the
programmers who either contributed to my knowledge or provided code used in the project
created for this thesis. These people are listed in Appendix A.

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CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 2
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ 3
ACKNOWLDEGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 4
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 9
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 10
Chapter
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 11
2. MEETING EDUCATIONAL NEEDS ......................................................................... 15
The Purpose of the Project ............................................................................................ 15
STEM Needs in Education............................................................................................ 19
An Interdisciplinary Approach to C Programming ....................................................... 21
Meeting Standards While Incorporating Other Disciplines .......................................... 24
Requirement 1 ........................................................................................................... 28
Requirement 2 ........................................................................................................... 29
Requirement 3 ........................................................................................................... 29
Requirement 4 ........................................................................................................... 29

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Chapter Page
Requirement 5 ........................................................................................................... 30
Requirement 6 ........................................................................................................... 30
Requirement 7 ........................................................................................................... 30
Requirement 8 ........................................................................................................... 30
Requirement 9 ........................................................................................................... 31
3. THE LAB MANUAL ................................................................................................... 36
Format and Reasoning .................................................................................................. 36
Lab Descriptions and Concepts .................................................................................... 39
Lab 8: Maintaining Lighting Levels Using a Photoresistor ...................................... 40
Lab 10: Interfacing With a Matrix Keypad............................................................... 53
4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................... 67
The Arduino Mega ........................................................................................................ 67
Other Electronic Components and Devices .................................................................. 70
Materials and Construction ........................................................................................... 80
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS ............................................................. 89
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 94
APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 97
Appendix A: Arduino Programmers ......................................................................................... 97
Appendix B: The Lab Manuel ................................................................................................. 99
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Appendix C: Lab Descriptions................................................................................................ 185
Lab 1: “Hi Guys!” ............................................................................................................... 185
Lab 2: Simulating a Stop Light ........................................................................................... 185
Lab 3: Inputs and Outputs ................................................................................................... 186
Lab 4: Better Serial Communication .................................................................................. 187
Lab 5: Programming a Keypad ........................................................................................... 187
Lab 6: Reading Analog Inputs ............................................................................................ 188
Lab 7: Dimming a Light Using the Keypad........................................................................ 188
Lab 8: Maintaining Lighting Levels Using a Photo Resistor ............................................. 189
Lab 9: Interfacing With an LCD Screen ............................................................................. 189
Lab 10: Interfacing With a Matrix Keypad......................................................................... 190
Lab 11: Making a Calculator .............................................................................................. 191
Lab 12: Resistance and the Ohm Meter .............................................................................. 191
Lab 13: Creating a Light Meter .......................................................................................... 192
Lab 14: Ultrasonic Distance Measurements ....................................................................... 193
Appendix D: Datasheets ......................................................................................................... 194
10 K Rotary Potentiometer ................................................................................................. 194
10K Tuner Potentiometer .................................................................................................... 197
Diode ................................................................................................................................... 199
Green LED .......................................................................................................................... 203
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LCD Screen ......................................................................................................................... 204
Photoresistor ....................................................................................................................... 205
Project Box.......................................................................................................................... 207
Push Button ......................................................................................................................... 208
Red LED ............................................................................................................................. 211
Safety Socket (Both) ........................................................................................................... 212
Ultra Bright LED ................................................................................................................ 213
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor ................................................................................................. 214
Yellow LED ........................................................................................................................ 216
Appendix E: AutoCAD Drawings .......................................................................................... 217
Trainer 1 AutoCAD Drawing ............................................................................................. 217
Trainer 2 AutoCAD Drawing ............................................................................................. 218
VITA ........................................................................................................................................... 219

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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Lab 8: Commands and Description Section.............................................................................. 43
2. Lab 8: Naming Convention ....................................................................................................... 49
3. Lab 10: Commands and Description Section............................................................................ 54
4. Lab 10: Character Print Examples ............................................................................................ 57
5. Lab 10: Keypad Buttons ........................................................................................................... 59
6. Arduino Mega 2560 Summary.................................................................................................. 68
7. Electronics Parts List ................................................................................................................ 72
8. Pin Connections ........................................................................................................................ 79
9. Key Labels ................................................................................................................................ 79
10. Hardware and Construction Materials .................................................................................... 88

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