Satellite Photoelectric Sensing Technology: Communication, Navigation and Reconnaissance

168 Pages·2021·6.458 MB·English

by  Jianjun Zhang, Jing Li

Jianjun Zhang
Jing Li
Satellite
Photoelectric
Sensing
Technology
Communication, Navigation and
Reconnaissance
Satellite Photoelectric Sensing Technology
·
Jianjun Zhang Jing Li
Satellite Photoelectric
Sensing Technology
Communication, Navigation
and Reconnaissance
JianjunZhang JingLi
ChinaAcademyofSpaceTechnology BeijingInstituteofTechnology
Beijing,China Beijing,China
ISBN978-3-030-89842-7 ISBN978-3-030-89843-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89843-4
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Preface
The rapid development and popularization of radio communication technologies
have made the electromagnetic environment more and more complex, the use of
frequency spectrum has become more and more extensive and spectrum resources
havebecomeincreasinglyscarce.Inordertomaximizethevalueoflimitedspectrum
resources,ithasbecomeaninevitablerequirementtodevelopelectromagneticspec-
trum situational awareness application systems and strengthen spectrum scientific
management.
Withtheincreaseofradiofrequencybandwidth,traditionalelectronictechnology
hasbeendifficulttomeettherequirementsoftheseapplications,andalotofproblems
have arisen. It is difficult for analog electronic devices to achieve uniform high
performance within one or several octave frequencies, resulting in a low dynamic
range.Asaresult,traditionalRFfrequencymeasurementsystemsbasedontraditional
microwave devices are confronted with the conflict between frequency intercept
probability and frequency resolution. In order to obtain a high enough frequency
resolution,itisnecessarytoincreasethenumberofsamplingroutes,whichinturn
leadstotheincreaseofSWaPinthedevice.Atthesametime,microwavelinksbased
on technical microwave devices are facing high-frequency loss, which ultimately
limitsthemeasurementbandwidthofthefrequencymeasuringsystem.Applications
such as electronic countermeasure and frequency hopping communication require
highfidelitydigitalultra-widebandsignalsfromwhichtargetinformationisextracted
byusingDSP.TheincreasedbandwidthworsensthequantizationaccuracyofADC.
Even if the analog-to-digital converter can convert high sampling rate and high-
resolution analog signals, the battlefield information of the converted massive bits
(e.g.,12-bitquantizationof5GHzanalogbandwidthwillgenerateabitrateof60
Gb/s)cannotbeprocessedinsubsequentdigitalsignalprocessingsections.
Thedevelopmentofphotontechnologyhasmadepeoplerealizethat,dependingon
itsadvantagesofhighbandwidthandlowloss,photontechnologywillbecomeanew
analogsignalprocessingplatformtoseparatetheperceptionandfrequencyfunctions
from DSP and avoid the huge and high energy consumption of digital processing.
ThesystemusingphotontechnologyhastheuniformityoffrequencyfortensofGHz
radiofrequencies.Theadvantagesofphotontechnologyincludeparallelprocessing,
v
vi Preface
ultra-widebandtuning,long-distancetransmissionandanti-electromagneticinterfer-
ence.Themicrowavefrequency measurementsystembasedonphotontechnology
fundamentallybreaksthroughthelimitationofthebandwidthanddynamicrangeof
electronicdevices,greatlyincreasesthefrequencymeasurementrangeandreduces
the SWaP of devices. At the same time, the response time of the photonic device
is much higher than that of the electronic device, which improves the real-time
performanceofthefrequencymeasurementsystem.
The purpose of this book is to meet the needs at home and abroad, making
a profound study of satellite spectrum-sensing technology based on microwave
photonics.Thefirstchapteristheintroduction,whichdiscussestheproblemsfaced
byelectromagneticspectrumsituationawareness;thesecondchapterismicrowave
photonics, which discusses the development of microwave photonics; the third
chapterisspacecraftsystem,whichdiscussesthecompositionofsatellites;thefourth
chapter is satellite spectrum sensing, which discusses the spectrum-sensing prin-
cipleofspacesystem;thefifthchapterisradiofrequencychannelizationtechnology,
whichdiscussesvariouscalculationsofchannelizationtechnology;thesixthchapter
is the basis of radio frequency photon channelization, which discusses the basic
theory of channelized optical link;the seventh chapter is the production and func-
tion of optical frequency comb; the eighth chapter is the channelization receiving
technologybasedonopticalfrequencycomb;theninthchapterischannelizedlink
distortioncompensationbasedondigitalsignalprocessing.
Withthecompletionofthisbook,satellitephotoelectricsensingtechnologywill
beinnovativelyproposedtomakeupfortheshortcomingscausedbythe“electronic
bottleneck” in cognitive radio, greatly promote the process of spectrum sensing
and optimization, and finally drive the rapid development of “broadband satellite”
business.
Bejing,China JianjunZhang
JingLi
Contents
1 Introduction .................................................. 1
1.1 Problems in Electromagnetic Spectrum Situational
Awareness ............................................... 1
1.2 RF Channelized Reception Based on Optoelectronic
Technology .............................................. 3
1.2.1 ResearchProgressofRFChannelizedReceiving
inPhotonTechnology .............................. 3
1.2.2 ChallengesandDevelopmentTrendsofPhotonic
ChannelizedReceptionTechnology ................... 7
References .................................................... 9
2 MicrowavePhotonics .......................................... 11
2.1 TheConceptualConnotationofMicrowavePhotonics ......... 11
2.2 AdvancesinMicrowavePhotonics .......................... 13
2.3 ApplicationsofMicrowavePhotonics ....................... 16
2.4 KeyTechnologiesofMicrowavePhotonics ................... 23
2.4.1 Electro-opticConversion ............................ 23
References .................................................... 29
3 SpacecraftSystem ............................................. 31
3.1 ClassificationofSpacecraft ................................ 31
3.2 MainApplicationSatellites ................................ 33
3.3 TheCompositionoftheSpacecraft .......................... 34
References .................................................... 36
4 CommunicationSatelliteTechnology ............................ 39
4.1 Introduction ............................................. 39
4.2 SatelliteCommunicationServicesandTheirSpectrum
Allocation ............................................... 39
4.3 CommunicationSatelliteOrbitandConstellationDesign ....... 43
4.4 CommunicationSatellitePayloadSystemDesign ............. 45
4.5 CommunicationSatellitePlatformDesign ................... 47
vii
viii Contents
4.6 CommunicationSatelliteSystemDesign ..................... 48
4.7 FlightProcedureDesign ................................... 50
References .................................................... 53
5 SatelliteSystemSpectrumSensing .............................. 55
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 55
5.2 Spectrum-SensingConcept ................................ 57
5.2.1 SpectrumParameters ............................... 57
5.2.2 Spectrum-SensingTechnologyModel ................. 58
5.2.3 ClassificationofSpectrum-SensingTechnology ........ 61
5.3 Spectrum-SensingPrincipleofSpaceSystem ................. 62
5.3.1 TypicalSatelliteCognitiveNetworkScenario .......... 62
5.3.2 ProblemsinSatelliteSpectrumSensing ............... 67
References .................................................... 68
6 RFChannelizationTechnology ................................. 69
6.1 ResearchBackgroundofBroadbandRFChannelization
ReceivingTechnology .................................... 69
6.2 ChannelizedReceiver ..................................... 72
6.2.1 AnalogChannelizedReceiver ....................... 74
6.2.2 DigitalChannelizedReceiver ........................ 80
6.3 BroadbandChannelizedFrequencyMeasurementBased
onCognitiveTechnology .................................. 83
6.3.1 PrinciplesofCognitiveDigitalChannelization ......... 83
6.3.2 CognitiveDigitalChannelizationFeatures ............. 86
References .................................................... 87
7 TheBasisofRFPhotonicChannelizationTechnology ............. 89
7.1 BasicTheoryofChannelizedOpticalLinks .................. 89
7.1.1 FunctionalStructureofanOpticalLink ............... 89
7.1.2 PerformanceIndexofanOpticalLink ................ 93
7.1.3 CoherentReceptionStructuralCharacteristics .......... 97
7.2 TheMainDispersionDeviceforPhotonChannelization ....... 100
7.2.1 StructuralCharacteristicsofDispersiveFiber .......... 100
7.2.2 FiberBraggGrating ................................ 102
7.3 OpticalSamplingLinkBasedonPulseSource ................ 103
7.4 Summary ............................................... 108
References .................................................... 108
8 Optical Frequency Comb Generation Mechanism
andApplication ............................................... 111
8.1 OpticalFrequencyCombGenerationMethod ................. 111
8.1.1 GenerationofOpticalFrequencyCombsBased
onMode-LockedLasers ............................ 112
8.1.2 SingleModulatorMethod ........................... 113
Contents ix
8.1.3 Optical Frequency Comb Generation Based
onCascadeofIntensityModulationandPhase
Modulation ....................................... 116
8.1.4 GenerationofOpticalFrequencyCombsBased
onPhase-ModulatedOpticalResonator ............... 120
8.1.5 GenerationofOpticalFrequencyCombsBased
onSelf-PhaseModulationinOpticalFibers ............ 120
8.1.6 GenerationofOpticalFrequencyCombsBased
onMicro-ResonantCavity .......................... 121
8.2 Experiments to Generate Broadband Flat Optical
FrequencyCombswithHigh-FrequencyIntervals ............. 122
8.2.1 GenerationofBroadbandFlatOpticalFrequency
CombsBasedonRFS .............................. 122
8.2.2 Principle .......................................... 122
8.2.3 ExperimentalResultsandDiscussion ................. 124
8.3 GenerationTechnologyofBi-CoherentOpticalFrequency
CombBasedonTimeLensMethod ......................... 125
8.3.1 PrincipleoftheOpticalFrequencyCombGenerated
bytheTimeLensMethod ........................... 126
8.3.2 Experimental Device for Generating Coherent
OpticalFrequencyCombs ........................... 129
8.3.3 ExperimentalResultsandDiscussion ................. 130
References .................................................... 131
9 Channelized Receiving Technology Based on Optical
FrequencyComb .............................................. 133
9.1 Channelized Filtering Receiving Technology Based
onFabry–PerotFilter ..................................... 133
9.1.1 Fabry–PerotFilterPrinciple ......................... 134
9.1.2 ChannelizationFilteringPrinciple .................... 135
9.1.3 SimulationofChannelizedFilterReceiverSystem ...... 137
9.1.4 ExperimentalResultsandAnalysisofChannelized
FilterReceiverSystem .............................. 138
9.2 CoherentOpticalCommunicationTechnology ................ 141
9.2.1 CoherentReceptionTechnology ..................... 141
9.2.2 I/QDemodulationTechnology ....................... 143
9.3 RFChannelizationReceivingTechnologyBasedonDual
CoherentOpticalFrequencyComb ......................... 144
9.3.1 CoherentChannelizationReceptionPrinciple .......... 144
9.3.2 Experimental Structure of RF Channelization
BasedonDual-CoherentOpticalFrequencyComb ...... 147
9.3.3 ExperimentalResultsandDiscussion ................. 148
References .................................................... 152
x Contents
10 ChannelizedLinkDistortionCompensationBasedonDigital
SignalProcessing .............................................. 153
10.1 SignificanceofChannelizedLinkDistortionCompensation .... 153
10.2 Nonlinear Distortion Generation Mechanism
inMulti-CarrierRFOpticalLinks .......................... 154
10.3 Channelized Link Distortion Compensation Principle
BasedonDigitalSignalProcessing ......................... 156
10.4 Nonlinear Suppression Experiment and Performance
Discussion of Channelized Link Based on Digital
Processing .............................................. 158
References .................................................... 160