Satellite Communications: Mobile and Fixed Services

420 Pages·1993·10.663 MB·English

by  Michael Miller (auth.), Michael J. Miller, Branka Vucetic, Les Berry (eds.)

SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
Mobile and Fixed Services
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES
IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION THEORY
Consulting Editor:
Robert Gallager
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SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
Mobile and Fixed Services
edited
by
Michael J. Miller
Universiry of South Australia
Branka Vucetic
Universiry of Sydney
Les Berry
Royal Melbourne Institute oj Technology
~.
"
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging·in·Publication Data
Satellite communications : mobile and fixed services / edited by
Michael J. Miller, Branka Vucetic, Les Berry.
p. cm. -- (The Kluwer international series in engineering and
computer science. Communications and Information Theory)
IncIudes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-6419-1 ISBN 978-1-4615-3230-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3230-9
1. Artiticial satellites in telecommunication. 2. Mobile
communication systems. I. Miller. Michael J. II. Vucetic, Branka
III. Berry, Les. IV. Series.
TKS104.S3644 1993
621.382'S--dc20 93-10183
CIP
Copyright © 1993 by Springer Scicncc+Busincss Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1993
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form orby any means, mechanical, photo-copying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer Science+
Business Media, LLC.
Printed on acid-free paper.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Authors xi
Preface xiii
1 INTRO TO SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 1
1.1 A Technology under Siege . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 The Evolution of "Extra Terrestrial Relays" . 1
1.1.2 The Threat of Extinction 5
1.1.3 The Fight Back . . . . . . . 8
1.2 Satellite Communications Systems 10
.......
1.2.1 Spacecraft Bus 11
1.2.2 Communications Subsystem . 12
1.2.3 Frequency bands ...... 16
1.2.4 Transponder characteristics . 18
1.3 Satellite Link Design . . . . . . . . . 24
1.3.1 Communications Performance Requirements. 24
1.3.2 Modulation Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.3.3 BER Performance and Error Correction Coding. 34
1.3.4 Link Signal to Noise Ratios 39
1.3.5 Link Budgets . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.3.6 System Noise Temperature ... 48
1.3.7 Link Signal to Noise Evaluation . 51
1.4 Problems 53
References . . . 56
2 PROPAGATION 51
2.1 Fixed Satellite Services . 58
2.1.1 Free Space Loss . 58
2.1.2 Rain Attenuation . 59
2.2 Propagation to Mobile Receivers 64
2.2.1 Propagation Environment 64
2.2.2 Signal Fading . . . . . . . 64
2.2.3 Reflection from Flat Terrain . 71
2.2.4 Reflection from Rough Terrain 73
..
2.3 Land Mobile Satellite Propagation 74
2.3.1 Shadowing and Multipath ... 74
2.3.2 Modelling of Satellite Mobile Channels . 78
2.3.3 Channel Models for Urban Areas 78
....
2.3.4 Channel Models for Open Areas 80
VI
2.3.5 Channel Models for Suburban and Rural Areas 82
2.3.6 Channel Models for Very Large Areas 86
2.3.7 Probability of Error for QPSK 88
2.3.8 Coding Channel Models 90
2.4 Maritime Mobile Channel ... 92
2.5 Aeronautical Mobile Channels. 95
2.6 Problems 97
References . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3 MOBILE SATELLITE SYSTEM DESIGN 103
3.1 Mobile Satellite Services . . . . . . . .. 104
3.1.1 Introduction ............ 104
3.1.2 Global Mobile Satellite Systems .. 104
3.1.3 National Mobile Satellite Systems 108
3.2 Mobile Satellite System Parameters. . . . 110
3.2.1 Service Characteristics . . . . . . . 110
3.2.2 A Typical National Mobile Satellite Network 113
3.2.3 Global and National Networks 116
3.3 System Design Objectives 117
3.4 Network Availability ......... 118
3.4.1 System Reliability ...... 119
3.4.2 Common Channel Signalling 119
3.4.3 Service Coverage ....... 123
3.5 Network Capacity .......... 127
3.5.1 Power and Bandwidth Limits 127
3.5.2 Analogue vs Digital Modulation 129
3.5.3 QPSK and OQPSK Modulation 133
3.5.4 4 QPSK Modulation 134
7r /
3.5.5 Trellis Coded Modulation .... 136
3.6 Mobile Terminal Price. . . . . . . . . . 139
3.6.1 Outdoor Unit (ODU) Requirements 140
3.6.2 Indoor Unit (IDU) Requirements 141
3.7 Problems 141
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4 TRAFFIC CAPACITY AND ACCESS CONTROL 145
4.1 Service Characteristics . . . . . . . 146
4.2 Multiple Access Schemes ...... 147
4.2.1 Fixed Assignment Schemes 148
Vll
4.2.2 Random Access Schemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.2.3 Controlled Access or Reservation Based Schemes 159
4.3 MSAT System Access Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.3.1 An Integrated Protocol Supporting Continuous
Voice and Data Services ..... 167
4.3.2 Analysis of system performance . 172
4.3.3 Numerical Results 175
4.4 Summary 182
4.5 Problems 183
References . 186
5 DIGITAL MODEM DESIGN 189
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . ................. 190
5.1.1 Special Requirements of Mobilesat Modems 192
5.1.2 Continuous-Time Formulation of Modem Functions. 193
5.2 Filtering ................... 196
5.2.1 Filter Requirements ........ 196
5.2.2 Design Techniques for FIR Filters 200
5.3 Low-IF Signal Interfaces · ...... 200
5.3.1 Synthesising the low-IF Signal 201
5.3.2 Sampling the low-IF Signal .. 205
5.4 Low Speed Modem Architectures . . . 208
5.4.1 Discrete-Time Modulator Processing 208
5.4.2 Discrete-Time Demodulator Processing 209
5.5 Coherent Demodulation Methods . . . . . . . . 212
5.5.1 Decision-Directed Maximum Likelihood Estimation 212
5.5.2 No n-Decision-Directed Phase Recovery . 216
5.5.3 Performance of Phase Estimators . . . 218
5.5.4 Ambiguity Removal .......... 221
5.5.5 Advanced Methods of Phase Recovery 221
5.6 Symbol Timing Recovery · .......... 222
5.6.1 Timing Detectors for Tracking Approaches 222
5.6.2 FeedForward Symbol Timing Approaches 226
5.7 Problems 228
References . . . . . . . . . . . 230
6 SPEECH CODEC SYSTEMS 233
6.1 Speech Coding Principles 235
6.1.1 Waveform Coding · . 238
viii
6.1.2 Parametric Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
6.1.3 Speech Coding for Satellite Communications 241
6.2 Parametric Speech Coding Algorithms . . . 242
6.2.1 Linear Predictive Coding Schemes 242
6.2.2 Application of LPC in Low Bit Rate
Speech Coding ............ 243
6.2.3 Analysis-by-synthesis Speech Coding. 245
6.2.4 Stochastic Coding Schemes ..... 246
6.2.5 Frequency Domain Coding Schemes 249
6.3 Speech Co dec Evaluation ...... 252
6.3.1 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) 253
6.3.2 Spectral Distortion Measures 254
6.3.3 Subjective measures 254
6.4 Quantizer Design . . . . . 255
6.4.1 Model Parameters 255
6.4.2 Quantizer Design . . 256
6.4.3 Training and Test Databases 257
6.4.4 Quantizer Evaluation .... 257
6.5 Codecs for Mobile Satellite Communications. 258
6.5.1 Introduction 258
6.5.2 The Scenario 258
6.5.3 Selective FEC . 259
6.5.4 Error Masking 261
6.6 Problems 262
References . . . . . . . 265
7 ERROR CONTROL CODING 269
7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . 270
7.2 Block Codes . . . . . . . . . . . 272
7.2.1 Linear Systematic Block Codes 274
7.2.2 Parity Check Matrix 275
7.2.3 Syndrome ............ 276
7.2.4 Syndrome Decoding ...... 277
7.2.5 The Minimum Distance of a Block Code . 278
7.2.6 Error Detecting Capability of a Block Code 279
7.2.7 Error Correcting Capability of a Block Code 279
7.2.8 Maximum Likelihood Decoding
of Block Codes for a BSC Channel . 280
7.2.9 Weight Distribution of Block Codes 281
ix
7.2.10 Probability of Undetected Errors . 282
7.2.11 Probability of Erroneous Decoding
for Hard Decision Decoders 282
7.2.12 Coding Gain ..... 283
7.3 Cyclic Block Codes . . . . . . . . 284
7.3.1 Generator Polynomial .. 285
7.3.2 Encoding of Cyclic Codes 286
7.3.3 Important Cyclic Codes 286
7.3.4 Interleaving..... 289
7.3.5 Concatenated Codes 290
7.4 Convolutional Codes . . . . 290
7.4.1 Introduction .... 290
7.4.2 PolynomIal Representation 291
7.4.3 State Diagram ...... . 294
7.4.4 Trellis Diagram ...... . 295
7.4.5 Viterbi Decoding Algorithm
with Soft Decisions ..... . 297
7.4.6 Error Performance ..... . 302
7.4.7 Implementation Considerations for
a Viterbi Decoder 303
7.5 Trellis Codes 306
7.6 Problems 313
References . . 315
8 SIGNALLING SYSTEMS 317
8.1 Introduction ....... . 318
8.2 Signalling Subsystem Configuration. 319
8.2.1 Signalling Channels ..... 319
8.2.2 Channel Establishment Procedure 323
8.3 Effect of Fading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
8.3.1 Markov Fading Model . . . . . . . 325
8.3.2 Delay Distribution for a Successful Transmission 328
8.4 Effect of Traffic Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.4.1 Delay on a Random Access Channel 331
8.4.2 Delay on a Controlled Access Channel 334
8.5 End-to-End Establishment. 337
8.6 Problems .................... 341
x
9 SATELLITES IN NON-GEOSTATIONARY ORBITS 345
9.1 Why Non-Geostationary Orbits 346
9.2 Satellite Orbital Analysis ...... 348
9.2.1 Satellite Orbits ........ 348
9.2.2 LEO Satellite Constellations 351
9.3 LEO Communication Satellites ... 353
9.3.1 Basic LEO System Parameters 353
9.3.2 LEO Cellular Systems . . . . . 357
9.3.3 Effects of the LEO Environment 359
9.3.4 Reliability and Availability 361
9.4 The Space Segment. . . . 362
9.4.1 Satellite Bus ... 362
9.4.2 Satellite Payload. 365
9.5 The Ground Segment 366
9.5.1 Base Stations 366
9.5.2 Terminals ... 367
9.6 Link Analysis . . . . . 367
9.6.1 Link Parameters 367
9.6.2 Onboard Processing 370
9.6.3 Doppler Shift and Compensation 372
9.6.4 Frequency Spectrum, Spectrum Sharing
and Interference ............. 374
9.6.5 A Comparison of GEO, LEO and Fibre optic Links. 376
9.7 Network Concepts ............. 377
9.7.1 Crosslinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
9.7.2 Intersatellite and Interorbit Links ..... 379
9.7.3 Optical Intersatellite and Interorbit Links 381
9.8 Non-GEO System Design .... 383
9.8.1 A LEO System Example . 384
9.9 Third Generation Networks 385
9.10 Problems 388
References . . . . . . . . . . 389
Index 393