Santalum album L.

209 Pages·2013·11.75 MB·English

Sandal and Its Products
Proceedings of an international seminar held on 18-19 December 1997
organised by the Institute of Wood Science and Technology (ICFRE)
and Karnataka State Forest Department. Rangalorc. lndia
Editor.f: A.M. Radomiljac, H.S. Ananthapadmanabho,
RM. Welbourn and K. Salyanarayana Rao
Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research
Canberra 1998
The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established
in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its mandate is to help idcntify agri
cultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research
between Australian and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has a
special research competence.
Where trade names are used this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination
against any product by the Centre.
ACIAR PROCEEDINGS
This series of publications includes the full proceedings of research
workshops or symposia organised or supported by AC1AR. Numbers in
this series are distributed internationally to selected individuals and
scientific institutions.
© Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, GPO Box 1571, Canberra,
ACT 2601.
A.M. Radomiljac, H.S. Ananthapadmanabho. R.M. Welboum and K. Satyanarayana Rao,
1998. Sandal and Its Products. Proceedings of an International Seminar held at Bangalore,
India, 18~19 December 1997. Canberra, ACIAR Proeeedings No. 84. 203 + xiip.
ISBN I 863202269
Managing editor: Michael Welbourn, B.E.ST. Research, Writing and Editing Services,
Adelaide, Australia.
Pre-press production: Arawang Communication Group, Canberra. Australia.
Printed by Brown Prior Anderson, Melbourne.
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iii
Frontispiece
The Frontispiece, Distribution of Santalum in the Region was compiled from two separate maps: (1)
Distribution of sandalwood in India from an article by S.N. Rai in USDA Forest Service General Tech
nical Report PSW -122 (1990): 66; and (2) Distribution ofSantalum in the Pacific Region from an arti
cle by P. Brennan and M. Merlin in AClAR Proceedings No. 49 (1993): 31. Those contributions are
acknow ledged.
iv
Foreword
THE INSTITUTE OF Wood Science and Technology (IWST) is one of the institutes under the Indian Coun
cil of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) at Dehra Dun. It carries out research on wood science,
tree improvement, and multifaceted research on sandal tree (Santalurn album L).
The genus Santalurn includes some 16 species distributed in India, Indonesia, Australia, Papua New
Guinea, New Caledonia, and throughout the South Pacific. S. album is a most important species, and is
confined to India and Indonesia. It is highly valued for its fragrant scented heartwood and oil. The poten
tial economic importance of sandal has generated much interest in the international market. India
exports some 2000 tonnes of wood and 100 tonnes of oil annually to various countries. The prices of
both the wood and the oil have been increasing for some time, and have reached a record high recently.
The supply is dwindling, encouraging synthetics and substitutes, and thi~ has obviously disturbed the
Indian natural oil industry. Efforts are proposed to increase the area of cultivation and to improve pro
ductivity with the aim of sustainable supply.
In view of the importance of sandalwood oil in India, IWST organised this international seminar on
Sandal and its Products from 18-20 December 1997 at Bangalore. The objectives were to: bring together
current knowledge on the silviculture, genetics, biotechnology, propagation, management of pests and
disease, and utilisation of scented heartwood and oil; identify the most important problems and con
straints; identify research needs and priorities; and develop collaborative research projects.
Some 140 delegates from India, Australia, Sri Lanka, and New Caledonia participated in the seminar
at which over 60 papers were presented. It is hoped that these Proceedings will be a source of valuable
reference information for future scientists, practising foresters, and all those in the sandal-based indus
tries.
DrB.N Gupta
Director General
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
Dehra Dun, INDIA
v
Contents
Frontispiece IV
Foreword v
Preface ix
Summary of Discussion and Recommendations x
Economic and Legal Aspects 1
The Status of Sandalwood in India
Karnataka 3
M.H. Swaminathan, B.J. Hosmath and B.B. Mallesha
Tamil Nadu 5
K. Chidambaram and K.K. Chaudhuri
Kerala 5
H. Nagesh Prabhu
Andhra Pradesh 6
N. Ramakrishna Rao
Orissa 6
M. Gourinath
Madhya Pradesh 7
K.P. Tiwari and RX Pandey
An Overview of Sandalwood and the Development of Sandalwood in Farm Forestry in 9
Western Australia
S.R. Shea, A.M. Radomiljac, l. Brand and P. lanes
Malady and Remedy of Sandal Cultivation in Farmlands and Private Lands - An Overview 16
V. leeva, S. Saravanan, P. Devaraj and R. Lakshmidevi
The Effect of Sandalwood Availability on the Craftsman Community 19
A.M. Chandrashekhariah and V.M. Dabgar
A Strategy for Sustainable Supply of Sandal 22
V. V. Srinivasan, H.S. Ananthapadmanabha and CR. Rangaswamy
Is Sandalwood Oil 'Forest Produce'? A Scientific and Legal Perspective 23
R. Gnanaharan
Trade Liberalisation in Sandalwood 24
K.A. Kushalapa
Biotechnology and Silviculture 27
cDNA Cloning and Characterisation of a Proline-(o r hydroxyproline-)rich Protein from 29
Santalum album L.
G. Lakshmi Sita and Anirban Bhattacharya
Interspecific Hybridisation between Santalum album and S. spicatum 36
I.A. McComb and M.G.K. lanes
Biotechnological Approaches for Propagation of Sandal (Santalum album L.) 42
V.A. Bapat and P.S. Rao
vi
In-vitro Shoot Multiplication from the Mature Tree of Santalum album L. 45
Sanjaya, H.S. Ananthapadmanabha and V. Ravishankar Rai
Alternanthera nana R.Br. Nursery Sowing-time Influences Santalum album L. Growth 50
Following Field Planting
A.M. Radomitjac and i.A. McComb
Nitrogen-fixing and Non-nitrogen-fixing Woody Host Influences on the Growth of the 54
Root Herni-parasite Santalum album L.
A.M. Radomitjac and iA McComb
Biological and Physiological Aspects of the Woody Root Hemi-parasite 58
Santalum acuminatum (Quandong) and Its Common Hosts
K.u. Tennakoon and i.S. Pate
In-vitro and In-vivo Micrografting of Santaium album L. Shoot-tips 60
Sanjaya, H.S. Ananthapadmanabha and Ravishankar Rai
Influence of Carbon Source and pH on Rapid Mass Propagation of Santaium album 66
by Somatic Embryogenesis: the Application of Biotechnology in Agroforestry
Surajit Das, Susobhan Das, A. Mujib, S. Pal and S. Dey
Silvicultural Strategies for Augmentation of Sandal Regeneration 69
C Surendran, K.T. Parthiban, C Bhuvaneswaran and M. Murugesh
In-vitro Strategies for the Mass Multiplication of Sandal 74
K.l: Parthiban, C Surendran, M. Murugesh and C Bhuvaneswaran
Effect of Composition of Media and Seed Density on Germination of Sandal 79
(Santalum album L.)
D. Annapuma, H.S. Ananthapadmanabha, H.C Nagaveni and G. Vijayalakshmi
Chemistry and Utilisation 81
Extraction of Oil from Santalum spicatum by Supercritical Fluid Extraction 83
P. Moretta, EL Ghisalberti, M.J. Piggott and R.D. Trengove
Content and Composition of Oil from the Central and Transition Zones 86
of the Sandalwood Disc
K.H. Shankaranarayana, G. Ravikumar, A.N. Rajeevalochan, K.S. Theagarajan
and CR. Rangaswamy
Sandalwood. HESP and ESPO Oils from the Heartwood of Santalum album L. 89
K.H. Shankaranarayana, G. Ravikumar, CR. Rangaswamy and K.S. Theagarajan
Stemwood and Rootwood Anatomy of Santalum album L. and the Problem of Wood Adulteration 93
R. V. Rao. T.R. Hemavathi, M. Sujatha, Luxmi Chauhan and R. Raturi
Tree Improvement 103
Descriptions of some Sandal Tree Populations in the South West Pacific: 105
Consequences for the Silviculture of these Species and Provenances
Y. Ehrhart
Germination of Two Provenances of Santalum austrocaledonicum var. austrocaledonicum 113
i.-P. Chauvin and Y. Ehrhart
Identification of Provenances of Sandal in India for Genetic Conservation 117
S.H. iain, v.G. Angadi, A.N. Rajeevalochan, K.H. Shankaranarayana, K.S. Theagarajan
and CR. Rangaswamy
Physiological Variation in Seeds of Provenances of Sandal (Santalum album L.) 121
S. Ramalakshmi and CR. Rangaswamy
vii
Variation in Seed Characteristics in Provenances of Sandal (Santalum album L.) 123
H.C Sindhuveerendra, S. Ramalakshmi, RR Mallesha, H.S. Ananthpadmanbha and
CR. Rangaswamy
A Method for Clonal Propagation of Sandal 126
M. Balasundaran
Isoenzyme Technique - A Powerful Tool in Research on Sandal 130
V.G. Angadi, S. Ramalakshmi, CR. Rangaswamy and KS. Theagarajan
Floral Biology and Breeding Systems in Sandal, Santalum album L. 135
H.D. Kulkarni and M. Muniyamma
Leaf Development Studies in Santalum album L. (Sandal) 147
H.D. Kulkarni and M. MUlliyamma
Tree Improvement Efforts in Sandal: the Need to Employ Novel Strategies 151
R.S. Kulkarni, B. Fakrudill and KS. Shashidhar
Development of Allozyme Markers in Santalum album L., and Their Application in 154
Population Genetic Studies
R. C Venu, L Sudharshana, R. Uma Shankar, Geeta Ramchandra and K.N. Ganeshaiah
Association of Sandal with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (V AM) Fungi 155
H. C Nagaveni, G. Vijayalakshmi, D. Annapurna and H.S. Ananthapadmanabha
Status of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (V AM) Association of Santalum Album L. 159
(Sandal) in Black Cotton Soils
V. Mohan, C Narayanan and P. Manokaran
A Further Tree Improvement Strategy in Sandal (Santalum album L.) 161
H.C Sindhuveerendra and H.S. Ananthapadmanabha
Pests and Diseases 165
In-vitro Comparative Morphogenetic Studies of Normal and Spike-diseased 167
Tissues of Sandal (Santalum album L.)
A.N.S. Gowda and R. Narayana
Spike Disease of Sandal (Santa/um album L.): a Patho-physiological Study 175
A.N.S. Gowda and R. Narayana
Fluorescence Microscopy of Sandal Affected with Spike Disease 181
KT. Rallgaswamy
Detection of Phytoplasma in Spiked Sandal Using DAPI Stain 182
T. Sunil and M. Balasundaran
Spike-like Disease in Sandal 185
H.s. Ananthapadmanabha
The Role of Trace Elements on the Growth of Sandal Seedlings at the Nursery Stage 188
B.S. Kamala and V.G Angadi
Incidence, Damage Potential and Biology of Wood-borers of Santalum album L. 192
O.K Remadevi and Raja Muthukrishnan
Control of Arboreal Termites on Santalum album L. in Plantations 196
O.K Remadevi, V.R. Sivaramakrishnan and CR. Sarma
Studies on the Sap-sucking Pests of Santalum album L. in Nurseries and Plantations 200
O.K. Remadevi, Raja Muthukrishnan and L.N. Santhakumaran
viii
Preface
THE UPSURGE IN interest in Santalum species management and sandal utilisation is substantiated by the
significant scientific contribution made to this seminar. The number and quality of the papers recorded
here complement the work of earlier symposiums, such as Sandalwood Seed Nursery and Plantation
Technology in 1994 and Sandalwood in the Pacific Region in 1991. The record of the latter, published as
ACIAR Proceedings No. 49, noted that:
Sandalwood, produced from the timber of several species ofSantalum, has considerable cultural impor
tance in many countries in the Asia-Pacific Region. For that reason alone, its conservation is an impor
tant issue and desenJes more attention. Sandalwood also has high economic value, and if suitable
methods of cultivation can be developed, it has the potential to make a significant contribution to the
rural economies of several countries.
Cultivation of sandalwood is, however, not an easy matter, as all species of Santalum are [root hemi-]
parasites. This means that natural regeneration or artificial establishment is dependent on the presence
of suitable host plants, as well as suitable environmental conditions. In addition, sandalwood is vulnera
ble to fire and browsing, both common factors of the environment of all species. Nearly all species of
Santalum have been heavily exploited in the past, to the point where there are grounds for concern for
the survival of some species.
These points are clearly endorsed and extended by the many contributors to this seminar. As a result, we
not only have a good understanding of the distribution and importance of sandal in the region-India,
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, the South Pacific-but research is well under way on how best
to conserve and use it.
The papers reproduced here are edited versions or abstracts of papers given or submitted at the interna
tional seminar Sandal and its Products held on 18-19 December 1997 at the Instirute of Wood Science
and Technology, Bangalore, India. Against a backdrop of conservation and utilisation, the objective of
the seminar was to bring together the prolific current work on sandal in fields as diverse as economics
and law, biotechnology and silviculture, chemistry and utilisation, tree improvement, and pests and dis
ease. The result is a compendium of our knowledge of what several contributors described as 'this beau
tiful tree'.
Thanks are due to the organisers, Dr K.S. Rao and the staff of the Instirute of Wood Science and Tech
nology (ICFRE) and Karnataka State Forest Department. An enormous effort is needed to design a pro
gram, bring together contributors, and guide authors and presenters towards advancement in the diverse
disciplines involved in an international seminar such as this. Particular credit must go to the seminar con
venor, Dr H.S. Ananthapadmanabha, and the Australian coordinator, Dr A.M. Radomiljac. Without their
cooperation, this publication could not have been brought to fruition.
ix
Sumnlary of Discussion and Recommendations
H.S. Ananthapadmanabha
Seminar Convenor
THESE SEMINAR PAPERS demonstrate that sandal tree will play a major role in the international market,
contributing to trade in materials of great commercial importance such as timber (scented heartwood), oil,
perfumes, and medicines.
Delegates considered various aspects of sandal, such as:
• economic and legal aspects,
interspecific hybridisation,
• in-vitro and in-vivo regeneration and multiplication,
cell and molecular approaches,
improved clonal forestry techniques, and
pest management utilisation.
They noted with serious concern the diminishing sandal popUlation, and the resulting declining sup
ply of oil for pharmaceutical industries, agarbathi, handicrafts. and other industries. The international
market has been weakened by both diminishing and fluctuating production and supply in recent years.
Seminar delegates adopted the following ten recommendations.
L Collaborative research should be undertaken to develop high-quality planting stock; modem tech
niques, such as plant tissue culture, molecular biology and genetic engineering, application of multi
molecular markers for the early identification of promising clones, and selection of 'candidate plus
trees' (ePT), should be used.
2. Gene banks to exploit genetic diversity, both within and between species, should be developed for
future genetic improvement through breeding and other modem techniques.
3. Silvicultural practices should be developed, including application of biofertilizers like 'vesicular
arbuscular mycorrhiza' (V AM), nitrogen-fixing bacteria, intermediate and long-term hosts, and inte
grated pest management, taking into consideration different eco-climatic and agro-chemical condi
tions and a package of practices to be made available to growers.
4. Sandal plantations should be encouraged as a profitable proposition, for which present laws need to
be liberalised, as proposed by the Tamll Nadu Forest Department, in the direction of free trade.
5. Uniform extraction and transport policy should be formulated and followed in order to regulate the
industry on a viable commercial basis.
6. Conventional breeding methods for genetic improvement of sandal should be given more emphasis.
7. Tissue culture techniques should be scaled up from the laboratory and linked with foresters for field
evaluation in order to assess their commercial viability.
8. 'Candidate plus trees' from different provenances need better identification, and a suitable method
ology should also be evolved to delineate genetic and environmental factors.
x