Saltwater Aquarium Models: Recipes for Creating Beautiful Aquariums That Thrive

289 Pages·2006·9.24 MB·English

by  John H. Tullock

SALTWATER
AQUARIUM MODELS
Recipes for Creating Beautiful Aquariums That Thrive
JOHN TULLOCK
Copyright ©2007 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
Photography ©Aaron Norman
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ISBN-13: 978-0-470-04424-7
ISBN-10: 0-470-04424-1
Printed in the United States of America
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Book design by Elizabeth Brooks
Cover design by José Almaguer
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION Physical and Chemical Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
THE ALLURE OF SALTWATER AQUARIUMS 1 Biological Filtration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Hobby versus Passion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Gas Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
What You Can Find in This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
How Saltwater Differs from Freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Foods and Feeding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Feeding Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Part I Availability of Foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Saltwater Aquarium Basics Feeding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Live Foods from the Aquarium Store. . . . . . . . . . 31
CHAPTER 1
Culturing Live Foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CARING FOR AN AQUARIUM 9
Routine Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Sources of Saltwater Specimens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Changing Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Choosing a Dealer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Water Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Purchasing Fish Based on Collecting Practices. . . 10
Record Keeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Selecting Healthy Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Equipment Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Making Rational Purchasing Decisions. . . . . . . . 14
Using a Maintenance Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Ordering Fish by Mail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
CHAPTER 2
The Chemistry You Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
BRINGING OUT THE BEST IN
Salinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
SALTWATER AQUARIUMS 45
pH Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Guidelines for Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Alkalinity Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Selecting Invertebrates and Fishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Calcium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Types of Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Dissolved Oxygen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Types of Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Phosphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Seaweeds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Iodide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Quarantine Tanks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Copper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Nitrogen Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Acclimating New Arrivals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Part II
Developing a Stocking Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Saltwater Aquarium Mechanics
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
MAKING YOUR AQUARIUM LOOK REAL 53 UNDERSTANDING INVERTEBRATES 69
Space Limitations of Tanks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Recognizing Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Tank Proportions and Habitat Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Aquarium Roles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Utilitarian Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Lighting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Anemones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Inverse Square Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Other Photosynthetic Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . 73
Safety and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Filter-Feeding Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Backgrounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Symbiotic Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Solid Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Predatory Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Other Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Dry Installations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Invertebrate Pests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Including Terrestrial Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Venomous Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Aquascaping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
CHAPTER 5
Substrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
NUTS AND BOLTS 79
Decorative Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Built-In Installations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Placement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Borrowing from Japanese Gardeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Electricity and Water Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Inspiration from Nature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Floor Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Wildness versus Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Personal Expression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Idealization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Designing with Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Finishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Live Rock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Free-Standing Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Live Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Microinvertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Electricity and Water Supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Floor Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
iv Saltwater Aquarium Models
Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Water Movement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Filtration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Testing the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Finishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Adding Salt Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Aquascaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
CHAPTER 6
Adding Live Rock and Live Sand. . . . . . . . . . . . 102
TROUBLESHOOTING 89
Aquascaping with Rock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Combating Diseases and Parasites in
Adding Dry Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Saltwater Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Break-In Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Amyloodinium and Cryptocaryon. . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Settling In with Your Habitat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Brooklynella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Lymphocystis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Part III
Flukes, Worms, and Crustacean Parasites . . . . . . 91
Saltwater Aquarium
Bacterial Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Model Designs
Injuries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Diet-Related Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
CHAPTER 8
Preventing Problems with Saltwater Fish . . . . . . . . . 93
BASIC LOW-MAINTENANCE DESIGNS 109
Invertebrate Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Maintenance Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Environmental Causes of Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Filtration Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Temperature Fluctuations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Other System Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Overcrowding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
The Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Overfeeding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Model Design 1: A Minimalist Look. . . . . . . . . . 111
Medicating Unnecessarily. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Model Design 2: Cheerful Yellow. . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Algae Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Model Design 3: Regal Tang Showcase. . . . . . . 114
CHAPTER 7 Model Design 4: Colorful Community
Tank I: Large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
BASIC SETUP PROCEDURES 97
Model Design 5: Colorful Community
Tank Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Tank II: Small. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Tank Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Model Design 6: Common Lionfish. . . . . . . . . . 118
Filling the Tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Model Design 7: An Eel’s Lair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Plumbing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Model Design 8: Polka Dot Grouper. . . . . . . . . 122
Table of Contents v
Model Design 9: Nocturnal Fish. . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Model Design 22: Soft Corals and Seaweeds. . . 151
Model Design 10: Weird and Wonderful . . . . . 125 Model Design 23: Jawfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Model Design 11: Shark!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Model Design 24: Filter-Feeding
Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
CHAPTER 9
Model Design 25: Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
BIOTOPE TANKS 127
Model Design 26: Convict Blenny. . . . . . . . . . . 159
Reef Biotopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Model Design 27: Easy Corals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Major Reef Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Model Design 28: Pseudochromis . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Zonation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Model Design 29: Dragonets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
System Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Model Design 30: Florida Keys Garden . . . . . . 165
Filtration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Model Design 31: Octopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Model Design 32: False Corals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Water Movement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Model Design 33: Red Sea I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Maintenance Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Model Design 34: Red Sea II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Food Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Model Design 35: Palace for a Queen. . . . . . . . . 172
Water Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
CHAPTER 10
Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
SMALL TANKS 175
Supplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Special Considerations for Small Tanks. . . . . . . . . . . 175
The Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Nanotanks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Model Design 12: Anemonefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
The Model Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Model Design 13: Anemonefish II. . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Model Design 36: Bartholomea and Friends. . . 177
Model Design 14: Anemonefish III. . . . . . . . . . . 136
Model Design 37: Condylactis and Friends. . . . 178
Model Design 15: Royal Gramma. . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Model Design 38: Heliofungia and Friends. . . 179
Model Design 16: The Blue Lagoon . . . . . . . . . 140
Model Design 39: Goby and Shrimp . . . . . . . . 180
Model Design 17:Turtle Grass Bed I. . . . . . . . . . 142
Model Design 40: Harlequin Shrimp. . . . . . . . . 181
Model Design 18: Seahorses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Model Design 41: Boxing Crab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Model Design 19: Indo-Pacific Upper
Fore Reef. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Model Design 42: Decorator Crab . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Model Design 20: Indo-Pacific Fish Model Design 43: Elysian Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Community I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Model Design 44: Atlantic-Caribbean
Model Design 21: Indo-Pacific Fish Nanotank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Community II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Model Design 45: Indo-Pacific Nanotank . . . . 186
vi Saltwater Aquarium Models
Part IV APPENDIX C
The Appendixes TANK SPECIFICATIONS 267
APPENDIX A APPENDIX D
CATALOG OF SALTWATER FISH 189 MEASUREMENTS AND CONVERSIONS 269
Classification of Saltwater Fish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Cross-Reference Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Liquid Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Surface Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
APPENDIX B
Light Intensity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
CATALOG OF INVERTEBRATES, SEAWEEDS, AND
Temperature Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
MARINE PLANTS 221
Alkalinity Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Classification of Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Phylum Porifera (Sponges). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 INDEX 271
Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms). . . . . . . . 223
Phylum Nemertina (Ribbon Worms) . . . . . . . . 223
Phylum Phoronida (Entoprocts, Phoronid
Worms). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Phylum Brachiopoda (Lamp Shells,
Brachiopods). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Phylum Mollusca (Mollusks). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms) . . . . . . 225
Minor Worm Phyla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods). . . . . . . . . . . 225
Phylum Echinodermata (Spiny Skins). . . . . . . . 227
Phylum Chordata (Chordates). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Cross-Reference Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Over Twenty Seaweeds and Saltwater Plants. . . . 264
Table of Contents vii

INTRODUCTION
T A S
HE LLURE OF ALTWATER
A
QUARIUMS
M
y personal interest in saltwater aquariums goes back about thirty years. I had been fascinated with
saltwater invertebrates since childhood, thanks to family trips to the beach. By the time I reached
graduate school, I was on track to become a freshwater biologist. Then in 1975 I took a field
course in invertebrates, and for the first time I had the opportunity to observe a tropical coral reef. Needless
to say, I was hooked on saltwater. Since then, I have returned many times to the site of that first experience,
the now-defunct marine laboratory on Pigeon Key, Florida. As both hobbyist and dealer, I have had the oppor-
tunity to work with hundreds of tanks and thousands of fish, and to interact with dozens of wonderful people
who have shared their enthusiasm and expertise. Despite all this, I have a lot more to learn, and each time I
contemplate saltwater aquarium keeping, I recognize a different angle, a new possibility. I sincerely hope this
book sparks your interest in saltwater aquariums the way that trip to Florida sparked mine so long ago.
Just consider how much research has demonstrated the many benefits of owning an aquarium.
● One study found that patients whose dentists had aquariums in their waiting rooms were less anxious
about their impending treatments than patients with only magazines to read while waiting.
● Watching the movements of fish helps infants learn to focus on objects and strengthens their eye
muscles, another study claims.
● Still another investigation found that patients are more likely to follow the doctor’s orders later if they
have the opportunity for a little fish watching in the waiting room.
● People also say that owning an aquarium gives them a sense of control in an often chaotic world.
● Almost everyone agrees that fish watching lowers stress.
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