Table Of Contentsalt production and social hierarchy
in ancient china
ThisbookexaminestheorganizationofspecializedsaltproductionatZhongba,oneof
themostimportantprehistoricsitesintheThreeGorgesofChina’sYangziRivervalley.
RowanK.Fladdemonstratesthatsaltproductionemergedinthesecondmillennium
b.c.anddevelopedintoalarge-scale,intenseactivity.Astheintensityofthisactivity
increasedduringtheearlyBronzeAge,productionbecamemorecoordinated,perhaps
by an emergent elite, who appear to have supported their position of authority by
meansofdivinationandthecontrolofritualknowledge.Thisstudyexploresevidence
ofthesechangesinceramics,thelayoutofspaceatthesite,andanimalremains.It
synthesizesthedataretrievedfromyearsofexcavation,showingnotonlytheevolution
ofproductionmethodsbutalsotheemergenceofsocialhierarchyintheThreeGorges
regionovertwomillennia.
Rowan K. Flad is associate professor of anthropology at Harvard University. He
isactivelyengagedinarchaeologicalfieldworkinChinaandhaslecturedwidelyon
Chinesearchaeology.Heco-editedabookonspecializationintheseriesArchaeological
Papers of the American Anthropological Association and has contributed articles to
manyeditedvolumesandjournals,includingProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyof
Sciences,CurrentAnthropology,JournalofAnthropologicalArchaeology,andJournalof
FieldArchaeology.
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Salt Production and Social Hierarchy
in Ancient China
An Archaeological Investigation of Specialization
in China’s Three Gorges
rowan k. flad
HarvardUniversity
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107009417
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Firstpublished2011
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata
Flad,RowanK.
SaltproductionandsocialhierarchyinancientChina:anarchaeologicalinvestigationof
specializationinChina’sThreeGorges/RowanK.Flad.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
isbn978-1-107-00941-7(hardback)
1.ZhongbaSite(China) 2.NeolithicPeriod–China–ZhongbaSite. 3.Bronzeage–
China–ZhongbaSite. 4.Saltindustryandtrade–China–ZhongbaSite. 5.Saltmines
andmining,Prehistoric–China–ZhongbaSite. 6.Socialstructure–China–Zhongba
Site. 7.Excavations(Archaeology)–China–ZhongbaSite. 8.Antiquities,Prehistoric–
China–ZhongbaSite. I.Title.
gn776.32.c6f53 2011
951(cid:3).38–dc22 2011001955
isbn978-1-107-00941-7Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurlsfor
externalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnot
guaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
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DedicatedtoInandDuncan,foryourpatience,love,andsupport
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Contents
ListofFiguresandTables pagexi
Acknowledgments xv
Prologue xix
1. introduction .......................................... 1
1.1 LinesofEvidence 4
1.2 Significance 8
1.3 Production,Practice,andSocialChange 10
1.4 OutlineoftheBook 14
2. productionand specializationincomplex societies.......16
2.1 ArchaeologicalApproachestotheOrganizationofProduction
andSpecialization 16
2.2 SaltProductionandtheProblemwithTypes 30
3. ancient saltproductioninsichuan ..................... 35
3.1 Background 35
3.2 ProductionofSalt 37
3.3 ExchangeandConsumption 47
3.4 OrganizationofSaltProduction 49
3.5 TheThreeGorgesduringtheZhongbaEra 54
3.6 Summary 58
4. thezhongba site ...................................... 60
4.1 LocationandGeographicalSetting 60
4.2 ExcavationHistory 64
4.3 Excavationof99ZZDT0202:Methodology 69
4.4 OverviewofExcavationResults 70
4.5 BasicChronology 78
vii
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viii * Contents
5. ceramic evidence ...................................... 83
5.1 AnalyzingCeramicstoStudyProduction 83
5.2 OverviewofCeramicTypologyandMethodofAnalysis 90
6. parameters of productionaccording toceramics........110
6.1 IdentifyingSpecialization 110
6.2 IntensityofProduction 113
6.3 ConcentrationofProduction 118
6.4 ScaleofProduction 127
6.5 RelationsamongProducers 132
6.6 ContextandPatronage 136
6.7 Summary 139
7. features and spatiality ............................... 143
7.1 SpaceandSocialRelations 143
7.2 OverviewofZhongbaFeatureTypes 149
7.3 AnalysisandDiscussion 168
8. animal remains and divination.........................173
8.1 Methodology 175
8.2 Results 180
8.3 OrganizationofProductionAccordingtoFaunalRemainsand
AnimalDiversity 198
8.4 OracleBones 204
8.5 Conclusion 218
9. conclusions and implications..........................220
9.1 Intensity 221
9.2 Concentration 222
9.3 Scale 223
9.4 RelationsamongProducers 223
9.5 Context 224
9.6 GeneralImplications 227
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Contents * ix
Epilogue 231
AppendixA:ChineseandJapaneseTermList 233
AppendixB:The(t)ValueandAverageThicknessforEachLevel
ExcavatedinDT0202 241
AppendixC:CalculatingtheScaleofProductionUsingBriquetagefrom
DT0202 243
AppendixD:TaxonListforSpecimensRecoveredfromDT0202with
NumberofIdentifiedSpecimensandMinimumNumberofIndividual
CountbyPhaseandSubphase 245
Notes 249
Bibliography 257
Index 279
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Description:This book examines the organization of specialized salt production at Zhongba, one of the most important prehistoric sites in the Three Gorges of China's Yangzi River valley. Rowan K. Flad demonstrates that salt production emerged in the second millennium BCE and developed into a large-scale, intens
