Saffron: The Age-Old Panacea in a New Light

281 Pages·2020·12.249 MB·English

by  Maryam Sarwat (editor), Sajida Sumaiya (editor)

Saffron
The Age-Old Panacea in a
New Light
Edited by
MARYAM SARWAT
Amity Institute of Pharmacy
Amity University
Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
SAJIDA SUMAIYA
Amity Institute of Pharmacy
Amity University
Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
]
Saffron ISBN:978-0-12-818462-2
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List of Contributors
MirAjazAkram Silvia Bisti
Government Department ofBiotechnology andApplied
NMVHoshangabad(Barkatullah University) Clinical Sciences(DISCAB)
Bhopal,Madhya Pradesh,India Universitàdegli Studidell’Aquila
L’Aquila,AQ,Italy
RajendraAwasthi
IIT IstitutoItaliano diTecnologia
AmityInstitute ofPharmacy Genova, GE,Italy
AmityUniversity, UttarPradesh
Istituto Nazionale BiosistemieBiostrutture
Noida, UttarPradesh, India
Roma,Italy
HamidA.Bakshi
MohammadHosseinBoskabady
Department ofPharmacy
Department ofPhysiology
School ofAppliedSciences
UniversityofHuddersfield School ofMedicine
Queensgate,Huddersfield,HD13DH,UnitedKingdom MashhadUniversityofMedicalSciences
Mashhad, Iran
SAADCentrefor PharmacyandDiabetes
Neurogenic InflammationResearchCenter
School ofPharmacyandPharmaceutical Science
MashhadUniversityofMedicalSciences
UlsterUniversity
Mashhad, Iran
Coleraine,CountyLondonderry,BT521SA,
Northern Ireland,UnitedKingdom
NathalieChahine
School ofBiomedicalSciences FacultyofPublicHealth
UniversityofUlster LaSagesseUniversity
Coleraine,BT521SA,Northern Ireland, Beirut,Lebanon
UnitedKingdom
FacultyofSciences andFacultyofAgronomy
K.HüsnüCanBaşer LebaneseUniversity
Beirut,Lebanon
NearEastUniversity
FacultyofPharmacy
RamezChahine
Nicosia,North Cyprus,Turkey
FacultyofPublicHealth
LaSagesseUniversity
SabeehaBashir
Beirut,Lebanon
Department ofBotany
UniversityofKashmir
NeerupmaDhiman
Srinagar,JammuandKashmir,India
Amity Instituteof Pharmacy
Amity University
Noida, UttarPradesh,India
v
vi LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS
BenedettoFalsini GamzeGuclu
Facolta’diMedicinaeChirurgia Department ofFoodEngineering
FondazionePoliclinico A.Gemelli FacultyofAgriculture
Universita’Cattolica delS.Cuore Cukurova University
Roma,Italy Adana,Turkey
TaherehFarkhondeh MortazaHajyzadeh
Cardiovascular DiseasesResearchCenter CentralLaboratoryofTechnologyandResearch
BirjandUniversityofMedicalSciences (SUTAM)
Birjand,Iran Sirnak,Turkey
HakkimL.Faruck RuqayaJabeen
Department ofMathematicsandSciences UniversityCollege
CollegeofArtsandApplied Sciences Addarb
ResearchCenter JazanUniversity
DhofarUniversity Jazan,Kingdom ofSaudiArabia
Salalah,Oman
Riffat John
Researchcenter
Department ofBotany
DhofarUniversity
UniversityofKashmir
Salalah,Oman
Srinagar,JammuandKashmir,India
HomaFatma
MolecularCancerGenetics &Translational ParisaPouraliKahriz
ResearchLaboratory ArdahanUniversity
ArdahanTechnicalSciencesVocational School
SectionofGenetics
Ardahan, Turkey
Department ofZoology
AligarhMuslimUniversity
PrachiKaushik
Aligarh,UttarPradesh, India
AmityInstitute ofPharmacy
ZahraGholamnezhad AmityUniversityUttarPradesh
Noida, UttarPradesh,India
Department ofPhysiology
FacultyofMedicine
HasimKelebek
MashhadUniversityof MedicalSciences
Mashhad,Iran Department ofFoodEngineering
AdanaScience andTechnologyUniversity
NeurogenicInflammationResearchCenter
Adana,Turkey
MashhadUniversityof MedicalSciences
Mashhad,Iran
MohammadAfsarKhan
MolecularCancerGenetics &TranslationalResearch
VahidehGhorani
Laboratory
Department ofPhysiology
SectionofGenetics
Schoolof Medicine
Department ofZoology,
MashhadUniversityof MedicalSciences
AligarhMuslimUniversity
Mashhad,Iran
Aligarh,UttarPradesh,India
Pharmaceutical ResearchCenter
MashhadUniversityof MedicalSciences HarshaKharkwal
Mashhad,Iran AmityInstitute ofPhytomedicine and
Phytochemistry
AmityUniversity
Noida, UttarPradesh,India
LISTOF CONTRIBUTORS vii
KhalidMahmoodKhawar Amin Mokhtari-Zaer
Department ofFieldCrop Department ofPhysiology
FacultyofAgriculture FacultyofMedicine
AnkaraUniversity MashhadUniversityofMedicalSciences
Ankara,Turkey Mashhad,Iran
MohammadRezaKhazdair DhondupNamgyal
TorbatJamFacultyofMedicalSciences AmityInstitute ofNeuropsychology &Neuroscience
TorbatJam,Iran AmityUniversity
Noida, UttarPradesh,India
MüberraKoşar
EasternMediterranean University TanveerNaved
FacultyofPharmacy AmityInstitute ofPharmacy
Famagusta,NorthCyprus,viaMersin-10,Turkey AmityUniversity
Noida, UttarPradesh,India
G.T.Kulkarni
AmityInstitute ofPharmacy FatihOlmez
AmityUniversityUttarPradesh Department ofPlantProtection
Noida,UttarPradesh, India FacultyofAgriculture
Sirnak University
HariomKumar Sirnak,Turkey
AmityInstitute ofPharmacy
AmityUniversityUttarPradesh MattiaDiPaolo
Noida,UttarPradesh, India Department ofBiotechnologyandApplied Clinical
Sciences(DISCAB)
MariaAnnaMaggi UniversitàdegliStudidell’Aquila
HortusNovussrl L’Aquila,AQ,Italy
Canistro,AQ,Italy
MarcoPiccardi
DepartmentofPhysicalandChemicalSciences(DSFC)
UniversitàdegliStudidell’Aquila FacoltàdiMedicinaeChirurgia
L’Aquila,AQ,Italy FondazionePoliclinico A.Gemelli
Universita’CattolicadelS.Cuore
StefanoDiMarco Roma,Italy
Department ofBiotechnologyandAppliedClinical
NikolaosPitsikas
Sciences(DISCAB)
UniversitàdegliStudidell’Aquila Department ofPharmacology
L’Aquila,AQ,Italy School ofMedicine, Facultyof HealthSciences
UniversityofThessaly
IstitutoNazionale BiosistemieBiostrutture
Larissa,Greece
Roma,Italy
ShaistaQadir
ArghavanMemarzia
Department ofBotany
Department ofPhysiology
Government DegreeCollegefor Women
FacultyofMedicine
ClusterUniversity
MashhadUniversityof MedicalSciences
Srinagar,JammuandKashmir,India
Mashhad,Iran
SaeidehSaadat
RoohiMirza
Department ofPhysiology
AmityInstitute ofPharmacy
School ofMedicine,
AmityUniversityUttarPradesh
MashhadUniversityofMedicalSciences
Noida,UttarPradesh, India
Mashhad,Iran
viii LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS
SaeedSamarghandian HifzurR.Siddique
Department ofBasicMedicalSciences MolecularCancerGenetics &TranslationalResearch
Neyshabur UniversityofMedicalSciences Laboratory
Neyshabur,Iran SectionofGenetics
Department ofZoology
ErcumentOsman Sarihan AligarhMuslimUniversity
Department ofFieldCrops Aligarh,UttarPradesh,India
AgricultureandNaturalScience Faculty
UsakUniversity SajidaSumaiya
Usak,Turkey AmityInstitute ofPharmacy
AmityUniversity
MaryamSarwat Noida, UttarPradesh,India
AmityInstitute ofPharmacy
AmityUniversity MurtazaM.Tambuwala
Noida,UttarPradesh, India SAADCentrefor PharmacyandDiabetes
School ofPharmacy andPharmaceutical Science
SerkanSelli UlsterUniversity
Department ofFoodEngineering Coleraine,CountyLondonderry,BT521SA,
FacultyofAgriculture Northern Ireland,UnitedKingdom
CukurovaUniversity School ofBiomedicalSciences
Adana,Turkey UniversityofUlster
Coleraine,BT521SA,Northern Ireland,
ArchanaSharma
UnitedKingdom
AmityInstitute ofPharmacy
AmityUniversity SangilimuthuAlagar Yadav
Noida,UttarPradesh, India Department ofBiotechnology
KarpagamAcademy ofHigherEducation
BhupeshSharma
Coimbatore, TamilNadu, India
AmityInstitute ofPharmacy
AmityUniversityUttarPradesh MehmetUgurYildirim
Noida,UttarPradesh, India Department ofField Crops
Agriculture andNaturalScienceFaculty
MuzafarAhmadSheikh
UsakUniversity
Department ofZoology Usak,Turkey
GovernmentDegreeCollege,Ganderbal
Ganderbal,JammuandKashmir,India
Foreword
In the context of human health, a large number of greatdealofinterestamongpeoplewhorespectnature
natural products have been collected, collated, charac- and believe in naturopathy. I envisage that this book
terized,andmadeavailabletomankind.Someofthese wouldprovetobeaneye-openertostudents,teachers,
products target the diseases, whereas others simply and researcher. I found that this book reflects deep
work for the rejuvenation of the body by their immu- scientific understanding and academic prowess of the
nomodulatory actions. Yet another ones work beyond editors,MaryamSarwatandSajidaSumaiya,whohave
thehumanbodyandperhapsreachtothesoul.Ofall complementedeachothertobringabouttheirverybest
the plant-derived herbs, saffron has always attracted a onsaffron.
greatdealofattentionofcommonmanandelitesalike.
The actual saffron is the dried stigma of Crocus sativus
L., family Iridaceae. A sizable part of the literature is ProfessorDr. SherAli,PhD,FNA,FASc,
devotedtodescribeitshealthpotentialsandbeneficial FNASc, FSASc,
effects on the human body. Although mind and body JCBoseNationalFellow,DST,NewDelhi
are connected, they still maintained functional Av-HumboldtFellow,Germany
compartmentalization.Saffronhasverypositiveeffects Professor, Center forInterdisciplinary
onalargenumberofvitalsystemsofthehumanbody ResearchinBasicSciences
encompassing central nervous, cardiovascular, diges- RamanujanBlock,Room108
tive, locomotor, urogenital, ophthalmic, integumen- JamiaMilliaIslamia,
tary, and immune systems. Saffron’s safranal is an JamiaNagar,NewDelhi e110025
aromaticaldehyde,avitalcomponentofplantvolatile Alumni:USA,UK,Germany,andAustralia
oil. In addition, saffron has more than 150 different Email: [email protected]
typesofcomponents.Thepresentbookonsaffrontruly FormerSeniorStaffScientistandHead
reflects deep and wide understanding of the authors MolecularGeneticsDivision
accumulatingcrucialfactaboutthismuchsought-after National InstituteofImmunology
and wonderful gift of nature. I found the book un- NewDelhi e110067
putdownableandsincerelyhopethatitwouldevokea
ix
Preface
Withadvancementsinthefieldofscienceovertheyears, pharmacologicalaspectsofsaffron.Thisbookisdivided
the section of medicine and pharmacology has greatly intofoursections,withthefourthsectioncoveringmajor
benefited the society. Remarkable contributions have chunkofthisbook.Sectiononeprovidestheintroduc-
beenmadebothinunderstandingdrugsatthemolecular tion,whilesectionstwo and threedescribecultivation,
levelaswellasindevelopingmoreselectivedrugs.The biosynthesis, and phytochemistry, respectively. The
searchfornewertherapeuticagentshascreatedanewray fourthsectionisfurtherdividedintosixparts.Itcovers
of hope for physicians, pharmacists, researchers, medi- variousmedicinalbenefitsofsaffronintreatingdiseases
cine experts, and most importantly the patients of nervous system, cardiovascular system, ocular dis-
consumingsuchdrugs.Herbsandspicescoveramajor eases, and cancers and saffron’s immunomodulatory
aspectofthesealternativetherapeuticagents.Sustained effect.
research is being carried out worldwide to study their Eachchapterhasbeenmeticulouslyelaboratedwith
efficiencyandmechanismofactionamongmanyother itsuniquestyleofpresentation.Thechaptershavebeen
aspects. This research is constantly promoted as it has arrangedinsuchawaythatfoundationlaidintheinitial
negligiblesideeffects(ifany)onpatientsevenafterlong- chapters will be helpful for understanding the subse-
termuse. quentchapters.Furthermore,detailedstudieshavebeen
Booksthatareavailableinthemarketdescribingthe explainedwiththehelpoffigures,images,andtablesto
benefits and pharmacological activities of herbs and makeitevenmoreinterestinganddescriptive.Evenafter
spices especially saffron (a stigma of Crocus sativus L.) ourbestefforts,wedofeelthattheremaystillbescope
have limited sections, perhaps insufficient information for improvement and addition in this work especially
devoted to its medicinal aspect. To overcome this in- giventherapidlyevolvingandever-advancingnatureof
adequacy,weplannedtowritethiscomprehensivebook. this field. Helpful criticism and suggestions from the
Thisbookwillexpandandalsobringtogetherscattered readersaredearlywelcome.
information on saffron. It will cater to the needs of WearethankfultoElsevierfortheirkeeninterestand
pharmacologists,molecularbiologists,medicineexperts, attentioninbringingoutthisbookinitspresentform.
researchers,andstudents.
Inourbook,wehaveextensivelyhighlightedvarious MaryamSarwat
phytochemical studies as well as medicinal and SajidaSumaiya
xi
Acknowledgment
We wish to express our deepest appreciation to our (CCRUM),” Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India
instituteand all faculty membersfrom Amity Institute fortheircontinuoussupport,encouragement,andfaith
of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India, for their inus.
expert insights, discussions, and communications Thisbookwouldnothaveanyessenceofthoughts,
throughout the process of book writing and editing concerns, and feel without having Ms. Faria Zafar
thatgreatlyassistedandenhancedthefinaloutlookof (Daughter of MS) on board. She is our inspiration,
ourbook. encouragement,andvisionindecidingthetopicofthe
The authors are sincerely indebted to Prof. Ashok book and selecting which contents must be included,
Chauhan,FounderPresidentofAmityUniversity,Prof. simply because she is among the various kids which
W. Selwamurthy, President of Amity Science, Tech- belongtoourfuturegeneration.Boththeauthorswant
nology and Innovation Foundation, and Prof. B. C. to express their gratitude to their friends and families,
Das,DeanofAmityHealthandAlliedSciences,Amity especiallyDr.FakhreAlam(FatherofSS),forproviding
University, Noida, for the all-time help and encour- moral support, valuable comments, and suggestions
agementduringtheprocessof writingofthisbook. while writing the book. Our thankfulness and appre-
Weowespecialthanks totheJointHeadsofAmity ciation arebeyond measure.
Institute of Pharmacy; Dr. Tanveer Naved and Prof. Finally, we would like to acknowledge with grati-
G.T. Kulkarni and the research scholars Dhondup tude all the authors, reviewers, publishers, and their
Namgyal, Ms. Meenakshi Gupta, and Ms. Kumari teammembersforsharingtheirpearlsofwisdomwith
Chandanforassistancewithcommentsandinnovative usduringthecourseofwritingandcompilationofthis
ideasthatgreatlyimproved themanuscript. book.
We are immensely thankful to our funding agency
“Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine
xiii