Safe Water and Sanitation for a Healthier World: A Global View of Progress Towards SDG 6

236 Pages·2022·12.514 MB·English

by  Jay Rajapakse

SDG: 6
Clean Water and Sanitation
Jay Rajapakse   Editor
Safe Water and
Sanitation for a
Healthier World
A Global View of Progress Towards SDG 6
Sustainable Development Goals Series
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Jay Rajapakse
Editor
Safe Water and Sanitation
for a Healthier World
A Global View of Progress Towards
SDG 6
Editor
Jay Rajapakse
Queensland University of Technology
Brisbane, QLD, Australia
The content of this publication has not been approved by the United Nations and does
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ISSN 2523-3084 ISSN 2523-3092 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-030-94019-5 ISBN 978-3-030-94020-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94020-1
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Preface
The idea of the book took shape in 2019, following discussions between the
editor and Professor Dick Fenner of Cambridge University, UK. The book
proposal submitted to Springer Nature by the editor was enthusiastically
approved by the internal board of Springer Nature in January 2020.
However, many unprecedented disruptions and long-term changes within
numerous organizations during the COVID-19 pandemic led to some authors
having to withdraw from the project. Grateful acknowledgement is made to
the contributors for their collaboration in the preparation of this book.
I am grateful to Professor Fenner, who encouraged this project with his
advice and kindly reviewed the chapters, with a concluding chapter for the
book.
Particular thanks are owed to Dr. Brian Hudson of the School of
Architecture and Built Environment, Queensland University of Technology,
Australia, for helping me reformatting some of the contributions received
from the authors.
Last but not least, I would like to acknowledge the support and words of
encouragement by Professor Les Dawes and Dr. Craig Cowled of the School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of
Technology, Australia.
v
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Jay Rajapakse
2 The Objectives of Sustainable Development of Water
and Sanitation in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Teofilo Carlos N. Monteiro, Hildegarde Venero,
Rosa M. Alcayhuman, and Rodrigo Coelho de Carvalho
3 Safe Water and Sanitation for a Healthier Caribbean . . . . . . . . 33
Michelle Mycoo
4 Safe Water and Sanitation for a Healthier World:
A Global View of Progress Towards SDG 6- Africa . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Tekalign Tsige Sahilu
5 Sustainable Safe Water and Sanitation Interventions
in Remote Parts of Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
John S. Walker
6 Russia’s Readiness to Achieve SDG 6 in Drinking Water
and Sanitation by 2030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
S. N. Bobylev and A. V. Shevchuk
7 Progress of SDG6 Goals in China Since 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Yan-Yan Yin, Le-Xi Zhang, and Wei Wang
8 Readiness of South Asian Countries to Achieve
SDG 6 Targets by 2030 in the Sanitation Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
George Danso and Miriam Otoo
9 Readiness of Sri Lanka to Achieve SDG 6 Targets
in Water and Sanitation by 2030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
B. M. J. K. Balasooriya, Wasantha Illangasinghe,
Sumitha Sumanaweera, and Jay Rajapakse
10 Readiness of Solomon Islands in Meeting the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) in Water and Sanitation . . . . . . . . . 169
Cyril Bernard Rachman, Leonard Olivera,
and Yuyun Qomariyah
vii
viii Contents
11 Poor Water Quality and Related Health Issues
in Remote Indigenous Populations of Some of the World’s
Wealthiest Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Jay Rajapakse, Brian Hudson, and Charlotte Brown
12 Common Themes, Accelerating Progress
and Beyond 2030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Richard Fenner
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
About the Editor
Jay Rajapakse is a Fellow of the Chartered Institution of Water and

Environmental Management, UK, and is a Lecturer in the School of Civil and
Environmental Engineering at Queensland University of Technology (QUT),
Australia. Since joining QUT, Dr Rajapakse has successfully led two DFAT
funded (Australian Aid) training and capacity building programmes in water
and sanitation to water professionals for the Governments of Sri Lanka and
the Solomon Islands. He was the project manager for the World Bank-funded
first full-scale pebble matrix filtration plant constructed jointly with the
National Water Supply & Drainage Board (NWSDB) of Sri Lanka. On gain-
ing a doctoral degree in public health engineering, as a Dean’s Scholar from
University College London (UCL), he worked as a post-doctoral researcher
in water treatment at UCL (UK-EPSRC) and at Imperial College London,
jointly with Anglian Water Services Plc (Alton Water Treatment Works). He
then worked as a project engineer for Salford Civil Engineering Ltd (SCEL,
UK) for two years and subsequently joined the PNG University of Technology
as a Lecturer in 1997 rising to be an Associate Professor in 2008. On leaving
PNG, he obtained an MPhil degree in engineering from Cambridge University
before joining QUT in 2010. Between 2005 and 2007, he won three competi-
tive international awards for his work in Papua New Guinea: two from
UNESCO-Daimler Chrysler (Water treatment solutions for remote communi-
ties, Mondialogo Engineering Award, Berlin 2005 and India 2007); and one
award from the World Bank (Innovations in Water and Sanitation), Washington
DC, in 2006. His current research interests include public health engineering
(water and sanitation, filtration, pre-filtration, new filter media), stormwater
treatment, low-cost, low-e nergy sustainable water treatment solutions appli-
cable to remote communities and decentralised systems in developed and
developing countries. He has over 50 peer-reviewed publications focusing on
water and wastewater treatment, high turbidity problems, water-sensitive
urban design (WSUD), waste recycling and new filter media published jointly
with Seqwater, Logan City Council, Gold Coast City Council, NWSDB,
University of Queensland, UCL, Cambridge University and others.
ix
1
Introduction
Jay Rajapakse
The work presents a review of the global progress adequate sanitation for all was not achieved.
made and readiness of nations toward achieving However, many useful lessons learned during the
Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) on decade helped to guide work in this sector over
water and sanitation of the 2030 Agenda for the next several decades. Millennium
Sustainable Development. It builds on the latest Development Goals (MDGs) were identified fol-
information provided by the UN System and lowing the UN Millennium Summit in 2000 and
other international organizations on data and sta- all 191 UN member states committed to help
tistics. The mix of authors for the detailed chap- achieve the goals in the next 15 years. There were
ters are representatives of Government Ministries/ eight MDGs and 18 targets set to measure prog-
Departments, international organizations, aca- ress by the end of year 2015. The seventh MDG
demia or senior professionals with subject exper- (MDG 7) “Ensure environmental sustainability”
tise on SDGs and who are also highly contained four targets (7A, 7B, 7C, and 7D).
knowledgeable in their respective regions, which Target 7C was to “Halve, by 2015, the proportion
will lend the book important credibility. of the population without sustainable access to
safe drinking water and basic sanitation.”
In relation to MDG 7C, much progress has
1.1 F rom IDWSSD to MDGs been made toward solving water and sanitation
and SDGs problems. According to the 2015 UN Millennium
Development Goal Report, in 2015, 91% of the
The International Drinking Water Supply and global population was using an improved drink-
Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD), 1981–1990, ing water source, compared to 76% in 1990, thus
emerged from a 1977 UN Water Conference, achieving the target. The proportion of people
based on recommendations arising from the 1976 practicing open defecation has fallen almost by
UN Habitat Conference. The objective of the half. Globally, 147 countries have met the drink-
Decade was to “provide all people with water of ing water target, 95 countries have met the sanita-
safe quality in adequate quantity and basic sani- tion target, and 77 countries have met both
tation facilities by 1990.” Much was accom- (United Nations, 2015).
plished, but the target of a safe water supply and In 2015 the 8 Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) program ended, and a new post-2015
J. Rajapakse (*) agenda for the next 15 years was adopted (2030
Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Agenda) by 193 countries. This comprised 17
Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169
e-mail: [email protected]
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 1
J. Rajapakse (ed.), Safe Water and Sanitation for a Healthier World, Sustainable Development
Goals Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94020-1_1