Sabiston and Spencer's Surgery of the Chest: Expert Consult - Online and Print (2-Volume Set) (Surgery of the Chest (Sabiston))

2128 Pages·2009·196.38 MB·English

1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
SABISTON & SPENCER SURGERY OF THE CHEST  ISBN: 978-1-4160-5225-8
Copyright © 2010, 2005, 1995, 1990, 1983, 1976, 1969, 1962 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
1962 copyright renewed 1990 by John H. Gibbon, Jr. All rights reserved.
All rights reserved.  No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, 
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, 
without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the 
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center 
and the Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher 
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden 
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become 
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and 
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or 
methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they 
have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most 
current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be 
administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and 
contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of 
their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, 
and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any 
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or 
otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the 
material herein.
The Publisher
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sabiston & Spencer surgery of the chest. – 8th ed. / editor- in-chief, Frank W. Sellke; editors, Pedro J. del Nido,  
Scott J. Swanson.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4160-5225-8
1.  Chest–Surgery. 2. Heart–Surgery. I. Sabiston, David C., II. Sellke, Frank W. III. Del Nido, Pedro J.  
IV. Swanson, Scott J. V. Title: Surgery of the chest. VI. Title: Sabiston and Spencer surgery of the chest.  
[DNLM: 1. Thoracic Surgical Procedures—methods. WF 980 S116 2010]
RD536.S236 2010
617.5’ 4059—dc22
  2009003431
Acquisitions Editor: Judith Fletcher
Developmental Editor: Lisa Barnes
Publishing Services Manager: Tina Rebane
Senior Project Manager: Linda Lewis Grigg
Printed in USA
Last digit is the print number:  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1
To my wife, Amy, who gives me love, inspiration, and unwavering support
and to our children, Michelle, Eric, Nicholas, and Amanda. They provide us with unlimited
pleasure.
FWS
To Martha, Alexander, Sara, Daniel, and Elizabeth. Thank you.
PJD
To my wife, Donna, and our children, Kate, Whit, and Maggie, who make this all worthwhile.
SJS
Contributors
Brian G. Abbott, MD, FACC, FASNC Nasser K. Altorki, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine (Clinical) Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Weill Cornell Medical College
Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital Chief, Division of Thoracic Surgery
Medical Director, Nuclear Cardiology NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital
Rhode Island Cardiology Center New York, New York
Providence, Rhode Island Screening for Lung Cancer
Nuclear Cardiology and Positron Emission Tomography in the
Assessment of Patients with Cardiovascular Disease Robert H. Anderson, BSc, MD, FRC Path
Emeritus Professor 
David H. Adams, MD
Institute of Child Health 
Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Professor and Chairman
University College 
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
London, United Kingdom
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Visiting Professor 
Program Director, Mitral Valve Repair Reference Center
Division of Pediatric Cardiology
Mount Sinai Medical Center
Medical University of South Carolina
New York, New York
Charleston, South Carolina
Acquired Disease of the Mitral Valve; Ischemic Mitral
Visiting Professor
Regurgitation
Institute of Human Genetics
Newcastle University
Lishan Aklog, MD
Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Chair Cardiovascular Center/Chief of Cardiovascular 
Surgical Anatomy of the Heart
Surgery
Heart and Lung Institute
Masaki Anraku, MD, MSc
St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center
Fellow, Division of Thoracic Surgery
Phoenix, Arizona
Toronto General Hospital/University of Toronto Faculty of 
Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
Medicine
Toronto, Ontario
Arvind K. Agnihotri, MD
Canada
Assistant Professor of Surgery
Lung Cancer: Surgical Treatment
Harvard Medical School
Massachusetts General Hospital
Anelechi C. Anyanwu, MD
Boston, Massachusetts
Associate Professor
Postinfarction Ventricular Septal Defect
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Director, Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation
Louise A. Aquila Allen, PhD
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Manager, Training and Clinical Support
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Syncardia Systems, Inc.
New York, New York
Tucson, Arizona
Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
Total Artificial Heart
Simon K. Ashiku, MD
Mark S. Allen, MD
Department of Surgery
Chair, Division of General Thoracic Surgery
Walnut Creek Medical Center
Department of Surgery
Walnut Creek, California
Mayo Clinic
Tracheal Lesions
Rochester, Minnesota
Chest Wall Tumors
v
v Contributors
Erle H. Austin III, MD Hendrick B. Barner, MD
Professor of Surgery Adjunct Professor of Surgery
Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Department of Surgery
University of Louisville School of Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine
Chief, Congenital Cardiothoracic Surgery Clinical Professor of Surgery
Kosair Children’s Hospital Department of Surgery
Louisville, Kentucky Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum Thoracic Surgeon
Saint Louis University Hospital
Eric H. Awtry, MD, FACC St. Louis, Missouri
Assistant Professor of Medicine Bypass Conduit Options
Department of Medicine
Boston University School of Medicine David J. Barron, MD
Inpatient Clinical Director Consultant Cardiac Surgeon
Division of Cardiology Birmingham Children’s Hospital
Boston Medical Center NHS Foundation Trust
Boston, Massachussettes Birmingham
The Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure United Kingdom
Surgery for Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great
Emile A. Bacha, MD, FACS Arteries
Associate Professor of Surgery
Harvard Medical School Joseph E. Bavaria, MD
Senior Associate in Cardiac Surgery Professor of Surgery
Children’s Hospital Boston University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts Staff Surgeon and Vice Chief, Division of Cardiothoracic 
Congenital Tracheal Disease; Ventricular Septal Defect and Surgery
Double-Outlet Right Ventricle; Adult Congenital Cardiac Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
Surgery; Image-Guided and Hybrid Surgery: Surgical Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Simulation Endovascular Therapy for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and
Dissections
Richard Baillott, MD, FRCSC
Department of Surgery David P. Bichell, MD
Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de  Professor of Cardiac Surgery
Quebec Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Laval University Faculty of Medicine Chief, Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Department of Cardiac Surgery Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt
Hôpital Laval Nashville, Tennessee
Quebec City, Quebec Atrial Septal Defect and Cor Triatriatum
Canada
Deep Sternal Wound Infection Edward L. Bove, MD
Professor of Surgery
Donald S. Baim, MD University of Michigan Medical School
Executive VP, Chief Medical and Scientific Officer Thoracic Surgeon
Boston Scientific Corporation University of Michigan Health Systems
Natick, Massachusetts Ann Arbor, Michigan
Nonatherosclerotic Coronary Heart Disease Truncus Arteriosus and Aortopulmonary Window
Leora B. Balsam, MD William J. Brawn, MD
Assistant Professor Consultant Cardiac Surgeon 
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Birmingham Children’s Hospital
New York University School of Medicine NHS Foundation Trust
New York, New York Birmingham
Heart Transplantation United Kingdom
Surgery for Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great
Arteries
Contributors x
Christian P. Brizard, MD Robert M. Califf, MD
Associate Professor Vice Chancellor, Duke University
The University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry  Professor of Medicine
and Health Sciences School of Medicine Duke University School of Medicine
Cardiac Surgery Unit Director, Duke Translational Medicine Institute
Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne Durham, North Carolina
Melbourne, Victoria Medical Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes
Australia
Congenital Anomalies of the Mitral Valve Edward Cantu III, MD
Cardiothoracic Fellow
Julie A. Brothers, MD Department of Surgery
Assistant Professor Duke University Medical Center
Department of Pediatrics Durham, North Carolina
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Critical Care for the Adult Cardiac Patient
Attending, Department of Cardiology
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Justine M. Carr, MD
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Assistant Professor
Surgery for Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries Departments of Surgery and Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Morgan L. Brown, MD, PhD Senior Director
Resident Department of Clinical Resource Management
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
University of Alberta Boston, Massachusetts
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Clinical Quality and Safety in Cardiac Surgery
Ebstein’s Anomaly
Joseph P. Carrozza, Jr., MD
Ayesha S. Bryant, MSPH, MD Chief, Cardiovascular Division
Assistant Professor Caritas St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center
Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic   Vice President, Caritas Cardiovascular Network
Surgery Boston, Massachusetts
University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine Interventional Cardiology
Birmingham, Alabama
Benign Lesions of the Lung Frank Cecchin, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Harold M. Burkhart, MD Department of Pediatrics
Associate Professor  Harvard Medical School
Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular   Senior Associate in Cardiology
Surgery Children’s Hospital Boston
Mayo Clinic Boston, Massachusetts
Rochester, Minnesota Arrhythmia and Pacemaker Surgery in Congenital Heart Disease
Congenital Lung Diseases
Robert J. Cerfolio, MD
Christopher A. Caldarone, MD Professor 
Professor and Chair, Division of Cardiac Surgery Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine
University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine Chief, Section of Thoracic Surgery
Staff Surgeon UAB Hospital
Division of Cardiovascular Surgery Birmingham, Alabama
The Hospital for Sick Children Benign Lesions of the Lung
Toronto,  Ontario
Canada
Surgical Considerations in Pulmonary Vein Anomalies
x Contributors
Riya S. Chacko, MD Joanna Chikwe, MD, FRCS (CTh)
Cardiology Fellow Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Department of Cardiology Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Harvard University Associate Program Director
Cardiology Clinical Fellow Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Department of Cardiology New York, New York
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Acquired Disease of the Mitral Valve
Boston, Massachusetts
Interventional Cardiology W. Randolph Chitwood, Jr., MD
Eddie and Jo Allison Smith Distinguished Chair Professor
Alfred Chahine, MD, FACS, FAAP Department of Cardiovascular Sciences
Associate Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics Senior Associate Vice Chancellor for Health Sciences
The George Washington University School of Medicine East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine
Attending Surgeon Director, East Carolina Heart Institute at Pitt County 
Department of Pediatric Surgery Memorial Hospital
Children’s National Medical Center Greenville, North Carolina
Program Director Robotic Cardiac Surgery and Novel Visualization Systems
Department of General Surgery Residency
Georgetown University Medical Center Karla G. Christian, MD
Washington, District of Columbia Associate Professor
Surgery for Congenital Lesions of the Esophagus Department of Cardiac Surgery
Vanderbilt University
Vincent Chan, MD Associate Chief
Chief Resident Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Department of Cardiac Surgery Monroe Carell, Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt
University of Ottawa Heart Institute Nashville, Tennesee
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Atrial Septal Defect and Cor Triatriatum
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Neil A. Christie, MD
Frederick Y. Chen, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Surgery
Assistant Professor of Surgery University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Division of Cardiac Surgery Director, LIFE Bronchoscopy Program
Harvard Medical School Heart, Lung and Esophageal Surgery Institute
Associate Surgeon Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery
Division of Cardiac Surgery Member, Division of Thoracic Surgery
Brigham and Women’s Hospital University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Management of Native Valve Endocarditis Innovative Therapy and Technology
Alvin J. Chin, MD Joseph C. Cleveland, Jr., MD
Professor Associate Professor of Surgery
Department of Pediatrics Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Department of Surgery
Senior Physician University of Colorado Denver
Division of Cardiology Surgical Director, Adult Cardiac Transplantation/Mechanical 
Department of Pediatrics Circulatory Devices
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University of Colorado Hospital
Interrupted Aortic Arch Aurora, Colorado
Chief, Cardiothoracic Surgical Services
Cynthia S. Chin, MD Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Assistant Professor of Surgery Department of Surgery
Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Veteran’s Administration Medical Center
Mount Sinai School of Medicine Denver, Colorado
Thoracic Surgeon Thrombosis and Thromboembolism of Prosthetic Cardiac
Mount Sinai Medical Center Valves and Extracardiac Prostheses
New York, New York
Anatomy of the Thorax; Esophageal Resection and Replacement
Contributors x
Lawrence H. Cohn, MD Jack G. Copeland, MD
Virginia and James Hubbard Professor of Cardiac Surgery Jack G. Copeland, MD, Endowed Chair of Cardiothoracic 
Department of Surgery Surgery
Harvard Medical School Professor of Surgery
Surgeon University of Arizona College of Medicine
Division of Cardiac Surgery Chief, Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Staff Surgeon
Boston, Massachusetts University Medical Center
Management of Native Valve Endocarditis Tucson, Arizona
Total Artificial Heart
William E. Cohn, MD
Associate Professor of Surgery Scott W. Cowan, MD
Baylor College of Medicine Assistant Professor of Surgery
Director Department of Surgery
Minimally Invasive Surgical Technology University of Pennsylvania
Texas Heart Institute Assistant Professor of Surgery
Adjunct Professor Department of Surgery
Department of Bioengineering Penn Presbyterian Medical Center
University of Houston Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Houston, Texas Secondary Lung Tumors
Alternative Approaches to Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Melissa Culligan, RN, BSN
Yolanda L. Colson, MD, PhD Thoracic Surgery Clinical Nurse
Associate Professor of Surgery Department of Thoracic Surgery
Harvard Medical School Penn Presbyterian Medical Center
Surgeon Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Department of Thoracic Surgery Secondary Lung Tumors
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts François Dagenais, MD, FRCSC
Interstitial Lung Diseases Department of Surgery
Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de 
Wilson S. Colucci, MD, FACC, FAHA Quebec
Thomas J. Ryan Professor of Medicine Laval University Faculty of Medicine
Department of Medicine Department of Cardiac Surgery
Boston University School of Medicine Hôpital Laval
Chief, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Quebec City, Quebec
Boston University Medical Center Canada
Boston, Massachusetts Deep Sternal Wound Infection
The Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure
Ralph J. Damiano, Jr., MD
Andrew C. Cook, PhD John M. Shoneberg Professor of Surgery
Senior Lecturer Vice Chairman
Cardiac Unit Department of Surgery
UCL Institute of Child Health Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
Great Ormond Street Hospital Chief of Cardiac Surgery
NHS Foundation Trust Barnes-Jewish Hospital
London, United Kingdom St. Louis, Missouri
Surgical Anatomy of the Heart Surgical Treatment of Arrhythmias
Joel D. Cooper, MD Thomas A. D’Amico, MD
Professor of Surgery Professor of Surgery
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Duke University School of Medicine 
Chief, Department of Surgery Section Chief and Program Director, General Thoracic Surgery
University of Pennsylvania Health System Duke University Medical Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Director, Clinical Oncology
Surgery for Emphysema Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center
Durham, North Carolina 
Lung Cancer: Minimally Invasive Approaches
x Contributors
Jonathan C. Daniel, MD Pedro J. del Nido, MD
Department of Surgery  William E. Ladd Professor of Child Surgery 
University of Arizona Harvard Medical School
Thoracic Surgeon Chief, Department of Cardiac Surgery 
University Medical Center/Tucson Medical Center Children’s Hospital Boston
Tucson, Arizona Boston, Massachusetts 
Surgery of the Diaphragm: A Deductive Approach Surgical Approaches and Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Pediatric
Cardiac Surgery; Atrioventricular Canal Defects; Transposition
Philippe G. Dartevelle, MD of the Great Arteries: Simple and Complex Forms; Image-
Guided and Hybrid Surgery: Surgical Simulation
Professor
Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Tom R. DeMeester, MD
Paris Sud University
Le Kremlin–Bicêtre Professor and Chair, Department of Surgery
Head, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery and  USC Keck School of Medicine
Heart-Lung Transplantation Los Angeles, California
Esophageal Anatomy and Function
Marie Lannelongue Hospital
Le Plessis Robinson
Philippe Demers, MD
Paris
France Assistant Professor of Surgery
Anterior Approach to Superior Sulcus Lesions University of Montreal
Cardiovascular Surgeon
Tirone E. David, MD, FRCSC, FACS Montreal Heart Institute and Sacre-Coeur Hospital
Professor Montreal, Canada
Type A Aortic Dissection; Type B Aortic Dissection
University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine
Head, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery
Todd L. Demmy, MD
Melanie Munk Chair of Cardiovascular Surgery
Toronto General Hospital Associate Professor of Surgery and Clinical Scholar
Toronto, Ontario Department of Surgery
Canada Associate Professor of Oncology
Surgery of the Aortic Root and Ascending Aorta State University of New York University of Buffalo School of 
Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Jonathan D’Cunha, MD, PhD Chairman, Department of Thoracic Surgery
Assistant Professor Roswell Park Cancer Institute
Department of Surgery Buffalo, New York
Malignant Pleural and Pericardial Effusions
University of Minnesota Medical School
Staff Surgeon
Eric J. Devaney, MD
University of Minnesota Medical Center
Fairview Health Services Assistant Professor
Minneapolis, Minnesota Department of Surgery
The Use of Genetic Science in Thoracic Disease University of Michigan Medical School
Cardiothoracic Surgeon
Joseph A. Dearani, MD Cardiovascular Center/University of Michigan Health 
Professor of Surgery Systems
Mayo Medical School College of Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan
Truncus Arteriosus and Aortopulmonary Window
Division of Cardiovascular Surgery
Mayo Clinic
Elisabeth U. Dexter, MD, FACS
Rochester, Minnesota
Ebstein’s Anomaly Assistant Professor of Surgery
Department of Surgery, Section of General Thoracic Surgery
Daniel T. DeArmond, MD State University of New York Upstate Medical University 
Assistant Professor  College of Medicine
Department of Surgery Thoracic Surgeon
Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Syracuse VA Medical Center
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio  Syracuse, New York
Perioperative Care of the Thoracic Surgical Patient
School of Medicine
San Antonio, Texas
Congenital Lung Diseases
Contributors x
Marisa Di Donato, MD Sitaram M. Emani, MD
Department of Cardiac Surgery Instructor in Surgery
IRCCS Istituto Policlinico San Donato Department of Cardiac Surgery
Milan Harvard Medical School
Associate Professor in Cardiology Assistant in Cardiac Surgery
University of Florence Faculty of Medicine and Surgery Department of Cardiac Surgery
Florence, Italy   Children’s Hospital Boston
Left Ventricular Restoration: Surgical Treatment of the Failing Boston, Massachusetts
Heart Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Coarctation of the Aorta, and
Vascular Rings; Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal
Christopher T. Ducko, MD Defect and Right Ventricle–to–Pulmonary Artery Conduits
Department of Surgery
Harvard Medical School Jeremy J. Erasmus, MD
Associate Surgeon Professor
Department of Surgery Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Division of Diagnostic 
Brigham and Woman’s Hospital Imaging
Boston, Massachusetts The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Surgeon Houston, Texas
Department of Surgery Radiologic Imaging of Thoracic Abnormalities
Carney Hospital
Dorchester, Massachusetts Dario O. Fauza, MD
Surgeon Associate Professor
Department of Surgery Department of Surgery
South Shore Hospital Harvard Medical School
Wymouth, Massachusetts Associate
Pleural Tumors Department of Surgery
Children’s Hospital Boston
Brian W. Duncan, MD Boston, Massachusetts
Medical Director Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, Ohio Felix G. Fernandez, MD
Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Stenosis Assistant Professor
Department of Thoracic Surgery
Carlos M. G. Duran, MD, PhD Emory University School of Medicine
Chair of Cardiovascular Sciences Atlanta, Georgia
University of Montana College of Health Professions and  Lung Transplantation
Biomedical Sciences
Chairman of the Board Hiran C. Fernando, MD
International Heart Institute of Montana Foundation Associate Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Missoula, Montana Boston University School of Medicine
Surgical Treatment of the Tricuspid Valve Director of Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery
Boston Medical Center
Fred H. Edwards, MD Boston, Massachusetts 
Medical Director Endoscopic Therapies for Thoracic Diseases; Innovative
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Therapy and Technology
University of Florida
Farzan Filsoufi, MD
Jacksonville, Florida
Quality Improvement and Risk Stratification for Congenital Associate Professor
Cardiac Surgery Mount Sinai Medical Center
Associate Chief Cardiac Surgery
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Mount Sinai Medical Center
New York, New York
Acquired Diseases of the Mitral Valve