Table Of ContentRyo¯gen and Mount Hiei
Map of Mount Hiei
A. To Kyoto E. Western Pagoda area I. Mount Hachioji 4.Sojiin
B. To Otsu F. Lake Biwa 1.Benten Hall 5.Precepts Platform
C. Mudojidani G. Sakamoto 2.MyooHall 6.Lecture Hall
D. Eastern Pagoda area H. Yokawa area 3.Peak of Mount Hiei 7.Central Hall
8.Mañju4ri’s Tower 12.Ninai Halls 16.Ganzan Daishi Hall 20.Hiyoshi Shrine
9.Pure Land Hall 13.$akyamuni Hall 17.Central Hall
10.Camellia Hall 14.Sorin Tower 18.NyohoPagoda
11.Constant-walking Hall 15.Eshin’in 19.Ganzan Daishi Mausoleum
Kuroda Institute
Studies in East Asian Buddhism
Studies in Ch’an and Hua-yen
Robert M. Gimello and Peter N. Gregory, editors
Dogen Studies
William R. LaFleur, editor
The Northern School and the Formation of Early Ch’an Buddhism
John R. McRae
Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism
Peter N. Gregory, editor
Sudden and Gradual: Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought
Peter N. Gregory, editor
Buddhist Hermeneutics
Donald S. Lopez, Jr., editor
Paths to Liberation: The Marga and Its Transformations in Buddhist Thought
Robert E. Buswell, Jr., and Robert M. Gimello, editors
SotoZen in Medieval Japan
William M. Bodiford
The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory
in Medieval Chinese Buddhism
Stephen F. Teiser
The Eminent Monk: Buddhist Ideals in Medieval Chinese Hagiography
John Kieschnick
Re-Visioning “Kamakura” Buddhism
Richard K. Payne, editor
Original Enlightenment and the Transformation of Medieval Japanese Buddhism
Jacqueline I. Stone
Buddhism in the Sung
Peter N. Gregory and Daniel A. Getz, Jr., editors
Coming to Terms with Chinese Buddhism:
A Reading of The Treasure Store Treatise
Robert H. Sharf
Studies in East Asian Buddhism 15
Ryo¯gen and Mount Hiei
Japanese Tendai
in the Tenth Century
Paul Groner
A Kuroda Institute Book
University of Hawai‘i Press
Honolulu
© 2002 Kuroda Institute
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
08 07 06 05 04 03 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ryogen and Mount Hiei :
Japanese Tendai in the tenth century/Paul Groner.
p. cm.—(Studies in East Asian Buddhism;15)
“A Kuroda Institute book.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn0-8248-2260-9 (alk. paper)
1. Ryogen, 912–985. 2. Tendai (Sect)—History.
3. Priests, Tendai—Japan—Biography. I. Series.
BQ982 .Y944 G76 2002
294.3'92—dc21 2002004637
Publication of this book was made possible
by a generous grant from the Tendai School’s
Office of General Affairs
The Kuroda Institute for the Study of Buddhism
and Human Values is a nonprofit, educational corporation
founded in 1976. One of its primary objectives is to promote
scholarship on the historical, philosophical, and cultural ramifications
of Buddhism. In association with the University of Hawai‘i Press, the Institute
also publishes Classics in East Asian Buddhism, a series devoted to the
translation of significant texts in the East Asian Buddhist tradition.
Frontis map:This map is based on a typical modern tourist map of Mount
Hiei; no maps survive that reflect Mount Hiei during Ryogen’s tenure.
University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the
guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources.
Designed by Integrated Composition Systems
Printed by The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group
Contents
List of Tables and Figures ix
Preface xi
Abbreviations xv
1. Ryogen’s Place in the History of the Tendai School 1
2. The Early History of Factionalism within the Tendai
School: From Saichothrough the Mid-tenth Century 15
3. Ryogen’s Early Years 45
4. Ryogen’s Rise to Prominence 56
5. Ryogen and the Fujiwaras: Patronage and Esoteric
Buddhist Ritual 71
6. The Owa Debates 94
7. Ryogen’s Appointments as Head of the Tendai School
and to the Office of Monastic Affairs 118
8. The Significance of Ryogen’s Revival of the
Examination System 128
9. Rebuilding the Tendai Establishment on Mount Hiei 167
10. Ryogen as Zasu:Financing the Spread of Tendai
Influence 190
11. Factionalism and Ryogen’s Efforts to Control the
Order 218
12. Ryogen and the Role of Nuns in Ninth- and Tenth-
century Japan 245
13. Epilogue: Ryogen’s Posthumous Career 289
Appendix 1. Ennin and Yokawa 305
Appendix 2. A Note on Morosuke’s Interests 311
Appendix 3. Dying Instructions of the Great Archbishop Jie 313
vii
viii Contents
Appendix 4. Takamitsu’s Retreat to Tonomine 327
Appendix 5. A Record of the Owa Debates 331
Appendix 6. Ten Doubts concerning the HossoSchool 337
Appendix 7. Zoga as an Eccentric 341
Appendix 8. Invocation of Tendai Abbot Ryogen 345
Notes 367
Glossary 463
Bibliography 491
Index 511
Tables and Figures
Tables
1. Social Background of Tendai Zasu 47
2. Social Background of Abbots of Kofukuji 47
3. Social Background of Lecturers at the Three Major
Assemblies in Nara 48
4. Social Background for Appointments to High Monastic
Offices 48
5. Ryogen’s Esoteric Buddhist Lineage 65
6. Initial List of Participants in the Owa Debates from the
Nara Schools 98
7. List of Initial Invitees from the Tendai School and Their
Monastic Affiliations 100
8. Lecturers and Questioners at the Owa Debates 101
9. Ryogen’s Appointments to the Office of Monastic Affairs 121
10. Jinzen’s Appointments to the Office of Monastic Affairs 122
11. Membership of the Sogoaccording to School 126
12. Lecturers at the Yuima-e according to Temple Affiliation
and Date 135
13. Early Tandaifor Tendai Debates 149
14. Topics for Tendai Debates 161
15. The Sixteen Gika 163
16. Six Additional Gika 164
17. The Six Shuyo 165
18. Chronology of Ryogen’s Rebuilding of Mount Hiei 170
19. Funding for the Monks of the Sojiin 183
ix
x Tables and Figures
20. Jinzen’s Tenure as Zasu 195
21. Support for the Myokoin 198
Figures
1. Ryogen’s Tendai Lineage 50
2. Lineage of Tadahira’s Major Descendants 223
3. Lineage for Kaneie 225
