Table Of ContentRussian Nationalism
Since 1856
Russian Nationalism
Since 1856
Ideology and the Making of Foreign Policy
Astrid S. Tuminez
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC.
Lanham • Boulder • New York • Oxford
VMAN 8c LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC.
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Copyright © 2000 by Rowman 8c Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tuminez, Astrid S.
Russian nationalism since 1856 : ideology and the making of foreign policy / Astrid S. Tuminez.
p. cm.
Indudes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8476-8883-6 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0-8476-8884-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. National state. 2. Nationalism—Russian (Federation) 3. Nationalism—Russia. 4.
Russia (Federation)—Foreign relations. 5. Russia—Foreign relations. I. Title.
JC311.T86 2000
320.54'0947—dc21
99-087952
Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National
Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials,
ANSI/NISO Z.39.48-1992.
For Jeffrey and Michal
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
1 A Looming Specter? The Problem of Russian Nationalism 1
2 Nation-Building in Russia: Imperial State, Society, and the 25
Nationalist Divide
3 Long Struggle, Short-Lived Triumph: Panslavism, 1856-1878 57
4 Toward the Last Gasp of a Dying Order: Great Power Nationalism, 115
1905-1914
5 Recreating Russia: Soviet Demise, Humiliation, and the Rise of 173
Nationalisms, 1989-1998
6 The Weakness of Aggressive Nationalism: Russian Policy in the Near 225
Abroad and in Former Yugoslavia, 1989-1998
7 Through a Glass, Darkly: Russian Nationalism and Russia’s Future 265
Postscript 297
Bibliography 301
Books and Monographs 301
Journal Articles and Unpublished Manuscripts 317
Papers Presented at Conferences and Symposiums 325
Newspapers and Magazines 325
Electronic Sources 327
Archival Sources 327
Interviews 327
Index 329
About the Author 339
Acknowledgments
At the age of five, I attended my first day of formal education at a Catholic school
for girls in Iloilo City on the island of Panay in the Philippines. My teacher
explained that the smartest girl would sit in the first seat, first row, and the rest of
us would be ranked by smartness—with the unfortunate dummy of the group
taking the last seat in the last row. Having never learned the ABCs or 123s in my
nipa hut home, I was seated in the last seat, last row, and, for a few days, suffered
the ignominious distinction of being the least intellectually developed girl in first
grade. Thankfully, the rest of my academic career turned out better than those
first few bewildering days of school. I’m sure my late teacher would have been
pleasantly surprised to hear that IVe written a book.
Writing this book took a lot of help and I want to acknowledge the input of
many friends and colleagues. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to my former thesis
adviser at MIT, Donald L. M. Blackmer, who supported me in my sometimes dis
couraged attempts to finish this book while keeping other demanding, full-time
jobs. Don gave me useful advice, read my draft chapters, and provided inspiration.
One can’t ask for more from a friend and adviser! I also want to thank Stephen
Van Evera, who asked good questions when I wrote the dissertation on which this
book is based. The Project on New Approaches to Russian Security, under the
direction of Celeste Wallander, gave me helpful comments on chapter 2 at one of
its academic conferences. Others surrendered more of their free time to give me
comments: Mark Kramer, Stephen Hanson, Ted Hopf, Kim Zisk, Brian Taylor, and
Kim Malone. I thank them and hope that I haven’t overly taxed their friendship
and good humor.
Dr. David Hamburg, Senator Sam Nunn, and Lord David Owen were very kind
to review my manuscript and give me comments. I greatly appreciate their sup
port given their extremely busy schedules and hope that I did not hound them too
much with notes and phone calls. The Council on Foreign Relations gave me an
office to use on weekends when I worked on the book and other Russia-related
research and gave me the chance to think further about Russian nationalism as a
Council Adjunct Fellow. For this, I am most thankful to Leslie H. Gelb, Lawrence
X Acknowledgements
J. Korb, and Vincent A. Mai. I also want to thank Vlada Tkach, Alfred Alden, and
Leonardo Arriola, who gave me valuable research assistance.
I want to thank my editor at Rowman & Litdefield, Susan McEachem, who
early on thought my work worth publishing. I am grateful also to Matt Hammon,
who answered many questions, and Lynn Gemmell, who patiently and efficiently
worked with me on copyediting and production.
I would like to acknowledge two professors who, more than anybody, got me
interested in Russia and things Russian: the late Teodosio Lansang of the Univer
sity of the Philippines and Gary L. Browning of Brigham Young University. I also
want to thank the staff in archives and libraries that I used in Moscow, and the
Russian politicians and scholars who generously gave me interviews. I want to
acknowledge Maurice R. Greenberg, Axel I. Freudmann, and Frank G. Wisner at
American International Group, who convinced me to launch a new career on Wall
Street without giving up this project.
My late father, Lazaro Tuminez, never prodded me to do anything but was
always a gentle, reassuring presence in my life. He would have been delighted to
see this book. My mother, Redencion Segovia, was known to be out harvesting in
the rice fields when many months pregnant She has taught me perseverance and
the art of juggling multiple tasks and roles. My greatest debt is to Jeffrey, whose
wit, intelligence, and love never fail, and Michal, whose gifts to me are endless.
With this project done, we can now do some serious work on play-dough and col
oring books!
