Table Of ContentRussian Energy Security
and Foreign Policy
This book provides an original and thoroughly academic analysis of the link
between Russian energy and foreign policies in Eurasia, as well as offering
an interpretation of Russia’s coherence on the international stage, seeking to
understand Russia and explain its behaviour.
The authors analyse both energy and foreign policies together, in order to better
grasp their correlation and gain deeper understanding of broader geopolitical
issues in Eurasia at a time when things could go either way – towards producers or
towards consumers. Questioning the concept of ‘energy deterrence’ which aims
to fuel uncertainty in Russia’s relations with its partners, as well as projecting
its overall power on the international scene, this provocative volume seeks to
stimulate debate on this very important issue.
Assessing the weight that energy has in Russia’s foreign policy and in its
pursuit of power on the international stage, this book will be of interest to students
and scholars of international relations, energy politics, geopolitics and Russian
and Central Asian Studies.
Adrian Dellecker is Manager of Research and Policy at WWF International in
Switzerland and formerly in charge of the energy portfolio at Ifri’s Russia/NIS
Center.
Thomas Gomart is Vice President for Strategic Development at Ifri, Director of
Ifri’s Russia/NIS Center and editor of the three-language digital collection Russie.
Nei.Visions.
Routledge/GARNET series: Europe in the World
Edited by David Armstrong
University of Exeter, UK
and
Karoline Postel-Vinay
Centre for International Studies and Research (CERI), France.
Editorial Board: Dr Mary Farrell, Sciences Po, Paris; Dr Karoline Postel-
Vinay, CERI, France; Professor Richard Higgott, University of Warwick, UK; Dr
Christian Lequesne, CERI, France and Professor Thomas Risse, Free University
Berlin, Germany.
International Advisory Committee: Dr Salma Bava, Jawaharlal Nehru University,
New Delhi, India; Dr Knud Erik Jørgensen, University of Aarhus, Denmark;
Professor Sunil Khilnani, SAIS, John Hopkins University, USA; Dr Anne-
Marie Legloannec, CERI, France; Dr Xiaobo Lu, SIPA, Columbia University;
Professor James Mittelman, University of Washington, USA; Dr Karen Smith,
London School of Economics, United Kingdom; Professor Elzbieta Stadtmuller,
University of Wroclaw, Poland.
The Routledge GARNET series, Europe in the World, provides a forum for
innovative research and current debates emanating from the research commu-
nity within the GARNET Network of Excellence. GARNET is a Europe-wide
network of 43 research institutions and scholars working collectively on ques-
tions around the theme of ‘Global Governance, Regionalisation and Regulation:
The Role of the EU’, and funded by the European Commission under the 6th
Framework Programme for Research.
1. EU Foreign Policy in a Globalized World
Normative power and social preferences
Edited by Zaki Laïdi
2. The Search for a European Identity
Values, policies and legitimacy of the European Union
Edited by Furio Cerutti and Sonia Lucarelli
3. The European Union and the Social Dimension of Globalization
How the EU influences the world
Edited by Jan Orbie and Lisa Tortell
4. Governance and the Depoliticisation of Development
Edited by Wil Hout and Richard Robison
5. The European Union and International Organizations
Knud Erik Jørgensen
6. The EU and Global Governance
Edited by Mario Telò
7. External Perceptions of the European Union as a Global Actor
Edited by Sonia Lucarelli and Lorenzo Fioramonti
8. A Global Security Triangle
European, African and Asian interaction
Edited by Valeria Bello and Belachew Gebrewold
9. European Union Democracy Aid
Supporting civil society in post-apartheid South Africa
Lorenzo Fioramonti
10. Civil Society and International Governance
The role of non-state actors in global and regional regulatory frameworks
Edited by David Armstrong, Valeria Bello, Julie Gilson and Debora Spini
11. Debating Political Identity and Legitimacy in the European Union
Edited by Sonia Lucarelli, Furio Cerutti and Vivien A. Schmidt
12. Comparative Environmental Regionalism
Edited by Lorraine Elliott and Shaun Breslin
13. Russian Energy Security and Foreign Policy
Edited by Adrian Dellecker and Thomas Gomart
R ussian Energy Security
and Foreign Policy
Edited by Adrian Dellecker
and Thomas Gomart
First published 2011
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,
an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
© 2011 Adrian Dellecker and Thomas Gomart for selection and editorial
matter; individual contributors, their contributions
The right of Adrian Dellecker and Thomas Gomart to be identified as the
authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual
chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Russian energy security and foreign policy / edited by Adrian Dellecker
and Thomas Gomart.
p. cm. -- (Routledge/GARNET series, Europe in the world)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Energy policy--Russia (Federation) 2. Russia (Federation)--Foreign
relations--Former Soviet republics. 3. Former Soviet republics--Foreign
relations--Russia (Federation) 4. Russia (Federation)--Foreign relations. I.
Dellecker, Adrian. II. Gomart, Thomas.
HD9502.A4R825 2011
333.790947--dc22
2010047165
ISBN 0-203-81673-0 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN: 978-0-415-54733-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-81673-8 (ebk)
Contents
List of figures and tables ix
List of contributors x
List of abbreviations xii
Preface xiv
Introduction: solving the Eurasian energy equation 1
ADRIAN DELLECKER AND THOMAS GOMART
PART I
Energy’s link to domestic and foreign policies 21
1 Energy security in Eurasia: clashing interests 23
FRANK UMBACH
2 Hydrocarbon production and exports in Central Asia: the
impact of institutions and policies 39
WILLIAM TOMPSON
3 How to get a pipeline built: myth and reality 58
JÉRÔME GUILLET
4 The role of Central Asian gas: is it possible to bypass Russia? 74
MAUREEN CRANDALL
PART II
Russian foreign and energy relations with NIS net exporters 87
5 Ups and downs of the Russia–Turkmenistan relationship 89
VLADIMIR MILOV
viii Contents
6 Kazakhstan’s oil and gas development: views from Russia
and Kazakhstan 107
MARTHA BRILL OLCOTT
7 Uzbekistan: central Asian key 121
ANDREW MONAGHAN
8 The uncertain trajectory of Russia–Azerbaijan relations in
the multiple-pipeline era 132
PAVEL K. BAEV
PART III
Russian export policy and relations with transit countries 145
9 Russia, Gazprom and the CAC: interests and relations 147
LEONID GRIGORIEV
10 After the war: the Southern Corridor 170
JOHN ROBERTS
11 Brothers to neighbours: Russia–Belarus relations in transit 188
FOLKERT GARBE, FELIX HETT AND RAINER LINDNER
Conclusion 203
ADRIAN DELLECKER AND THOMAS GOMART
Notes 209
Selected bibliography 238
Index 247
Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1 Non-OPEC oil production growth, 1998–2009 40
2.2 Production of crude oil and NGL 43
2.3 Change in oil reserves 44
2.4 Natural gas production in Azerbaijan and Central Asia 51
2.5 CIS oil production forecast, 2002–25 54
6.1 Map of Kazakhstan’s major oil and gas pipelines 109
9.1 Russia and countries in the region, GDP per capita, 1990–2010 156
9.2 Natural gas prices on main markets, 1984–2008 157
9.3 Natural gas production, 1980–2008 159
9.4 Natural gas export, 2001–8 160
Tables
1.1 Proven oil and natural gas reserves in Central Asia and CACR 26
2.1 CIS oil and gas sectors, 2007 41
3.1 Entities controlling significant reserves in the Caspian area 62
5.1 Gas supply prices from Turkmenistan to Russia, 2003–7 96
5.2 Gazprom’s gas production: matured fields and new additions, 2000–5 98
5.3 Gas production at Gazprom’s Urengoy and Yamburg fields, 1996–2020 99
9.1 Capacity of Central Asia–Centre pipeline system 150
9.2 Net export of energy products, 1996–2007 152
9.3 GDP and oil and gas production, Ukraine and Central Asia,
1999 and 2007 155
9.4 Russian Energy Strategy (2003): actual data and optimistic scenario
targets 163
11.1 Belarus: oil import, refining and transit, 2005–7 192
11.2 Belarus: natural gas import and transit, 2005–7 192
11.3 Estimation of additional costs of rising gas prices to the Belarusian
economy 198
