Russia at War [2 volumes]: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond

1120 Pages·2014·17.28 MB·English

by  Timothy C. Dowling

Russia at War
Russia at War
FROM THE MONGOL CONQUEST TO AFGHANISTAN,
CHECHNYA, AND BEYOND
Volume 1: A–M
Volume 2: N–Z
Timothy C. Dowling, Editor
Foreword by Bruce W. Menning
Copyright © 2015 by ABC-CLIO, LLC
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in
writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Russia at war : from the Mongol conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and beyond /
Timothy C. Dowling, editor ; foreword by Bruce W. Menning.
volumes cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-59884-947-9 (hardcopy : acid-free paper) — ISBN 978-1-59884-948-6 (ebook)
1. Russia—History, Military—Encyclopedias. 2. Soviet Union—History,
Military—Encyclopedias. 3. Russia (Federation)—History, Military—Encyclopedias.
I. Dowling, Timothy C.
DK51.R87 2015
355.020947—dc 3 2014017775
ISBN: 978-1-59884-947-9
EISBN: 978-1-59884-948-6
19 18 17 16 15 1 2 3 4 5
This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook.
Visit www.abc-clio.com for details.
ABC-CLIO, LLC
130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911
Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911
This book is printed on acid-free paper
Manufactured in the United States of America
These volumes are for Hubert, Schroeder, Otto, Max, Sophie, and their wonderful parents.
Contents
Guide to Related Topics , xxiii Alexander I, Czar (1777–1825), 23
List of Maps , xxxv Alexander II, Czar (1818–1881), 26
Foreword by Bruce W. Menning , xxxvii Alexander III, Czar (1845–1894), 27
Preface , xlvii Alexandra Fyodorovna, Czarina (1872–
1918), 29
REFERENCE ENTRIES
Allied Intervention in Russia (1918–1922),
Aa, Battle of the (January 7–9, 1917), 1 30
ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile) Treaty, 1 Alma River, Battle of the (September 20,
1854), 34
Adrianople (Edirne), Treaty of (1829), 2
Altvater (Alfater), Vasily Mikhailovich
Afghanistan War (December 25, 1979–
(1883–1919), 35
February 15, 1989), 3
Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich (1914–
Air Forces, Russia (to 1917, and since
1984), 35
1991), 8
Anglo-Russian Entente (August 31,
Air Forces, Soviet (1917–1991), 9
1907), 37
Air Forces, Soviet (1917–1991), Women
Anglo-Soviet Treaty (May 26, 1942), 38
in, 13
Angolan Civil Wars (1975–1996), 39
AK-47, 15
Antonov, Aleksei Innokentievich (1896–
ALBION , Operation (October 8–18, 1917),
1962), 40
16
Apraksin, Count Fyodor Matveevich
Aleksandr Nevsky (Frigate), 18
(1661–1728), 41
Alekseev, Evgeny I. (1843–1917), 19
Apraksin, Stepan F. (1702–1758), 42
Alekseev, Mikhail Vasilievich (1857–1918),
Arakcheev, Alexis (1769–1834), 43
20
Arctic Convoys, World War II, 44
Aleksei Mikhailovich, Czar (1629–1676),
22 Armed Neutrality, League of (1801), 46
vii
viii Contents
Army, Imperial Russian (ca. 1500–1918), Beria, Lavrenty Pavlovich (1899–1953),
47 112
Army, Russian (1991–), 60 Berlin, Battle for (April 16–May 2, 1945),
113
Army, Soviet (Red Army; 1918–1991), 62
Berlin, Congress of (June 13–July 13,
Atomic Weapons Program, Soviet, 69
1878), 116
August Coup (1991), 70
Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948–1949),
Aurora (Protected Cruiser), 72 119
Austerlitz, Battle of (December 2, Berlin Rising (June 16–17, 1953), 121
1805), 73
B estuzhev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
Austrian State Treaty (May 15, 1955), 76 (1797–1837), 123
Babi Yar Massacre (September 29–30, Bestuzhev-Riumin, Count Aleksei
1941), 79 Petrovich (1693–1766), 123
Bagramyan, Ivan Khristoforovich (1897– B irilev, Aleksei Alekseevich (1844–1915),
1982), 81 124
Bagration, Pyotr (1765–1812), 82 Black Hundreds, 125
Balaclava, Battle of (October 25, Black Reichswehr, 126
1854), 83
Black Sea, Area of Operations, World
Balkan Wars (1912–1913), 84 War II, 127
Baltic Fleet Mutiny (March 1917), 87 Black Sea, Naval Operations, World
War I, 130
Baltic Operations, Land, World War I, 88
Bloody Sunday, 133
Baltic Operations, Sea, World War I, 91
Bluecher (Blyuker), Vasily Konstantinovich
Baltic Rebellions (1991), 94
(1889–1938), 134
BARBAROSSA , Operation (June 22–
BMP-1 Series Infantry Fighting Vehicles,
December 5, 1941), 95
135
Barclay de Tolly, Prince Mikhail (1761–
Bochkareva, Maria (Mariya or Yasha;
1818), 99
1889–1920), 137
Basmachi Insurgency (1918–1933), 101
Bogolyubsky, Andrei (1111–1174), 139
Batov, Pavel Ivanovich (1897–1985), 103
Bolotnikov, Ivan Isaevich (?–1608), 140
Bautzen, Battle of (May 20–21, 1813), 104
Bonch-Bruevich, Mikhail Dmitrievich
Belorussia Offensive (June 23–August 29,
(1870–1956), 141
1944), 106
Borodino, Battle of (September 7, 1812),
Belov, Pavel Alekseevich (1897–1962),
142
109
Bosnian Annexation Crisis (1908), 144
Bennigsen, Leonty Levin (1745–1826), 110
CCoonntteennttss iixx
Boxer Rebellion, Russia and (1899–1903), Chantilly Conference (1915), 185
145
Chechen War, First (1994–1996), 185
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (March 3, 1918),
Chechen War, Second (War in the Northern
146
Caucasus; October 1999–February 2000),
Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich (1906–1982), 149 188
Brezhnev Doctrine, 151 Cheka (C hrezvychaynayakomissiya), 189
B rusilov, Aleksei Alekseevich (1853– Cherniaev, Mikhail Grigorevich (1828–
1926), 152 1898), 191
Brusilov Offensive (June 4–September 1, Cherniakhovsky, Ivan Danilovich (1906–
1916), 154 1945), 191
Budapest, Battle of (November 3, 1944– Chesme, Battle of (July 5–7, 1770), 192
February 13, 1945), 157
Chichagov, Pavel Vasilievich (1767–1849),
Budenny, Semen Mikhailovich (1883– 193
1973), 158
Chinese Civil War (1911–1949), 195
Bug Offensive (June 29–September 30,
Chkheidze, Nikolai Semenovich (1864–
1915), 160
1926), 196
Bukhara and Khiva, Conquest of, 161
Chuikov, Vasily Ivanovich (1900–1982),
Bulavin, Kondraty Afansievich (1660– 197
1708), 163
Churchill-Stalin Meeting (Code-Name
Cairo Conference (November 23–26 and TOLSTOY; October 9–10, 1944), 198
December 3–7, 1943), 165
Cold War, Soviet Union in (1924–1991),
Cape Sarych, Battle of (November 17, 199
1914), 166
Commissars, Military (1917–1991), 209
Carpathian Campaign (January 23–March
C onstantinople Agreements, World War I,
1915), 166
210
Casualties, Russian, World War I (1914–
Construction Battalions (Soviet), 211
1917), 168
C ontinuation War (Finnish-Soviet War;
Casualties, Russian Civil War (1918–1922),
June 25, 1941–September 4, 1944), 212
170
Cossacks, 215
Casualties, Soviet, World War II (1939–
1945), 171 Crimea (Crimean Peninsula), 218
Catherine II (“the Great”; 1729–1796), 174 Crimea Campaign (April–May 1944), 219
Caucasus Campaign (July 22, 1942– Crimean War (1853–1856), 222
February 3, 1943), 178
Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962), 226
Caucasus Front, World War I, 181
Curzon Line, 229
x Contents
Czar Bomba (“King of Bombs”), 231 Dresden, Battle of (August 26–27, 1813),
254
Czar Pushka, 232
Dudayev, Dzhokhar M. (1944–1996), 257
Czar Tank, 232
Dukhonin, Nikolai Nikolaevich (1876–
Czech Legion (August 1914–December
1917), 258
1919), 233
E berhardt, Andrei Augustovich (1856–
Danilov, Yuri Nikiforovich (1866–1937),
1919), 261
235
Elizabeth I, Czarina (1709–1761), 262
Davydov, Denis Vasilievich (1784–1839),
236 Erzincan, Battle of (July 25–26, 1916), 264
Dawan Cheng, Battle of (1934), 237 Erzurum Offensive (January 10–March 25,
1916), 265
Decembrist Movement and Rebellion
(1825), 238 Essen, Nikolai Ottovich von (1860–1915),
267
Declaration on Liberated Europe (February
1945), 239 Evert, Aleksei Ermolaevich (1857–1918?),
268
Dedovshchina, 240
Eylau, Battle of (February 8, 1807), 269
Deep Battle, 241
FAUSTSCHLAG , Operation (February 18–
Denikin, Anton Ivanovich (1872–1947),
March 3, 1917), 273
242
February (March) Revolution (1917), 274
Deulino, Truce of (1618), 243
Fedorenko, Yakov Nikolaevich (1896–
Diebitsch, Count Hans Friedrich Anton
1947), 276
(Ivan Ivanovich Dibich Zabalkansky; 1785–
1831), 244 Fermor, William (ca. 1702–1771),
277
Dimitriev, Radko Ruskov (1859–1918), 245
Filaret (Philaret; Fyodor Nikitich Romanov;
Dmitry, False (1582?–1606), 246
1553?–1632), 277
Dogger Bank Incident (October 21, 1904),
Franco-Russian Alliance (1894), 278
248
Friedland, Battle of (June 14, 1807), 279
D olgorukov, Prince Vasily Vladimirovich
(ca. 1667–1746), 249 Frunze, Mikhail (1885–1925), 281
Dolgoruky, Yuri (1099?–1157), 250 Frunze Academy, 283
Donskoi, Dmitry (October 12, 1350– Fuchs, Klaus Emil Julius (December 29,
May 19, 1389), 251 1911–January 28, 1988), 284
Dragomirov, Mikhail Ivanovich (1830– Galicia, Battle of (1914), 287
1905), 253
Galicia Campaigns (1914–1917), 288
Dragunov Sniper Rifle, 254
Gentry Cavalry, 292
CCoonntteennttss xxii
Geok-Tepe, Battles of (1879, 1881), 293 Great Northern War (1700–1721), 325
Georgia, Anti-Bolshevik Uprising in Great Purges and the Military (1934–1938),
(1924), 294 327
Georgia, Soviet Invasion of (1921), 295 Grechko, Andrei (1903–1976), 328
Georgian Rebellion (1956), 297 Greek Civil War (1946–1949), 329
Georgian War (2008), 298 Greek War of Independence (1821–1829),
330
German Colonies in Russia (1763–1993),
301 Grigorovich, Ivan Konstantinovich (1853–
1930), 332
Germany, Allied Occupation after World
War II (1945–1948), 304 Grizhodubova, Valentina (1910–1993), 333
Godunov, Boris (1552–1605), 307 Gross-Jaegersdorf, Battle of (August 30,
1757), 334
Golikov, Filip Ivanovich (1900–1980), 309
Grozny, Battle of (December 1994–January
Golitsyn (Galitzine), Prince Vasily
1995), 335
Vasilievich (1643–1714), 310
Guchkov, Aleksandr Ivanovich (1862–
Golitsyn, Dmitry Vladimirovich (1771–
1936), 337
1844), 310
Gulf of Riga, Battle of the, 338
Golovin, Nikolai (1875–1944), 311
GGGuuullliiiaaaiii---gggooorrroooddd ((((gggg uuuullllyyyyaaaayyyyggggoooorrrroooodddd, ,,, g g gguuuullllaaaayyyy----ggggoooorrrroooodddd, , oorr
Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich (1931–),
ggguuulllaaaiii---gggooorrroooddd) ),, 333399
311
Gumbinnen, Battle of (August 20, 1914),
Gorchakov, Prince Mikhail Dmitrievich
340
(1793–1861), 314
Gurko, Iosif Vladimirovich (1829–1901),
Gordon, Patrick (1635–1699), 314
341
Goremykin, Ivan Logginovich (1839–
Gurko, Vasily Iosifovich (1864–1937), 342
1917), 316
Hero Cities of the Soviet Union, 343
Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive (May–December
1915), 317 Holocaust in the Soviet Union, 345
Gorshkov, Sergei Georgievich (1910– Holy Alliance (1815), 349
1988), 319
Holy League, Wars of the (1686–1696), 350
Govorov, Leonid Aleksandrovich (1897–
Home Front (Russian), World War I (1914–
1955), 320
1917), 352
Grachev, Pavel (1948–2012), 321
Home Front (Soviet Union), World War II
Great (Large) Program (1910), 322 (1941–1945), 356
Great Game, The (Russia in Central Asia), Hungarian Rebellion (1956), 359
323
Ice, Battle on the (April 5, 1242), 363