Rural women's participation in agro forestry and its implications on a sustainable environment in

249 Pages·2016·8.71 MB·English

RURAL WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN AGRO FORESTRY
AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON A SUSTAINABLE
ENVIRONMENT IN NYANDO DISTRICT, KENYA,
BY
ONYANGO, LEAH AKINYI
B.A HONS (U.O.N) 1988
University of NAIROBI Library
f OR USE IN T hi
0341507 2
U9RARV im. t
THESIS SUBMITTED IN PART FULFILLMENT FOR THE MASTER OF
ARTS (PLANNING). UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. THE FACULTY OF
ARCHITECTURE, DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT. DEPARTMENT OF
URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
2002
II
DECLARATION
This Thesis is my original work and has not been submitted/presented for a Degree in
any other University.
This Thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as a University
Supervisor.
Date
Ill
DEDICATION
To Peter: For what has been and what will be
IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to the Government of Kenya through the
Ministry of Lands and Settlement (Physical Planning Department) for offering me the
scholarship that enabled me to pursue this degree.
I would like to thank all the teaching staff of the Department of Urban and Regional
Planning for their advice and guidance during the course. I would also wish to thank
Dr. Ngugi who supervised this work.
Special thanks to my colleagues (MA II 2002) for their cheerful approach to life,
which created a good learning environment.
I have benefited from the generosity of ICRAF staff both in Nairobi and Kisumu. I
acknowledge and thank them. Special thanks to Dianne Russelle (Programme Leader
Programme 4) and Brent Swallow (programme leader, Programme 1). I acknowledge
with thanks the timely support of my research assistant Jared Angira during the
fieldwork.
Most of all I extend my appreciation to my family for their unconditional support: my
husband Peter Onyango, my daughters, Noelle, Loice, Grace and Miriam and my sons
Elijah and Elisha.
Last but not least I extend my sincere gratitude for technical assistance I received in
preparation of maps and photographs from Ken Oguya of Ministry of Lands and
Moses Ohanga of Kisumu Polytechnic respectively.
Thank you all and may God Bless You.
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration......................................................................................................................i
Dedication.......................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgement.........................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................v
List of Tables..................................................................................................................viii
List of Figures.................................................................................................................x
List of Plates...................................................................................................................xi
List of Maps....................................................................................................................xiii
Abstract...........................................................................................................................xiv
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION..............................................................................1
1.1 Overview...............................................................................................................1
1.21 Statement of the Problem...................................................................................3
1.3 Research Questions............................................................................................6
1.4 Research Objectives...........................................................................................7
1.5 Assumption.........................................................................................................7
1.6 Justification of Study..........................................................................................8
1.7 Scope of the Study..............................................................................................8
1.8 Definition of Key Terms and Concepts...........................................................9
1.9 Research Methodology.......................................................................................11
1.9.1 Data Needs..........................................................................................................11
1.9.2 Primary Data and Survey Instruments..............................................................11
1.9.3 Secondary Data...................................................................................................15
1.9.4 Techniques of Data Analysis............................................................................16
1.9.5 Analytical Framework.......................................................................................16
1.10 Limitations of the Study.....................................................................................16
1.11 Structure of the Study.........................................................................................17
CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................22
2.1 Overview................................................................................................................22
2.2 Development and Underdevelopment...............................................................22
2.3 Development- Environment Relationship..........................................................31
VI
2.4 Poverty..................................................................................................................34
2.5 Rural Development.............................................................................................40
2.5.1 Rural Development and Agriculture.................................................................41
2.5.2 Food Supply.........................................................................................................43
2.5.4 Rural Water Supply............................................................................................44
2.6 Gender Issue.........................................................................................................45
2.7 Agroforestry..........................................................................................................47
2.7.1 Defining Agroforestry.........................................................................................47
2.7.2 Environmental Benefits of Agroforestry...........................................................54
2.7.3 Agroforestry and Development..........................................................................55
2.7.4 Gender and Agroforestry....................................................................................57
2.8 Conceptual Framework......................................................................................58
CHAPTER 3-THE STUDY AREA.............................................................................64
3.1 Location and Size...............................................................................................64
3.2 Relief.....................................................................................................................65
3.2.1 The Kano Plains..................................................................................................65
3.2.2 Highlands..............................................................................................................65
3.2.3 The Lake Shore....................................................................................................73
3.3 Natural Drainage.................................................................................................73
3.3.1 Nyando River.......................................................................................................73
3.3.2 Sondu Miriu.........................................................................................................74
3.3.3 Swamps.................................................................................................................74
3.4 Soil and Geology..................................................................................................76
3.5 Climate...................................................................................................................80
3.5.1 Rainfall..................................................................................................................80
3.5.2 Temperatures........................................................................................................81
3.6 Vegetation............................................................................................................87
3.7 Demography........................................................................................................87
3.8 Land Issue.............................................................................................................89
3.9 Culture..................................................................................................................95
3.10 Economy and Human Settlement....................................................................96
3.11 Infrastructure and community Services...........................................................102
CHAPTER 4 -AGROFORESTRY IN NY ANDO DISTRICT.................................106
4.1 Agroforestry Practices in Nyando District......................................................106
4.1.1 Forestry and Environment Sub-sectors in Nyando District (DDP)...............106
4.1.2 Inventory of Agroforestry Practices in Nyando District from the Field.......109
4.1.3 Common Tree/Plants used in Agroforestry in Nyando District....................125
CHAPTER 5 - RURAL WOMEN IN
AGROFORESTRY.........................................................................................................131
5.1 Rural Women’s Participation in Agroforestry in Nyando District.................131
5.2 The Status of Women in Nyando District........................................................131
5.3 Cultural Beliefs and Practices Surrounding the Luo Women and the Tree... 134
5.4 Agroforestry Practices that Women are Involved in.......................................142
5.5 Agricultural Extension Services in Nyando District.......................................154
5.6 Women Groups and their Activities in Nyando District...................................158
CHAPTER 6 - ORUNDU THE HOME GARDEN....................................................162
6.1 Overview................................................................................................................162
6.2 Orundu...................................................................................................................162
6.3 Some Cultural Practice and Belief Associated with Cultivation and their
Implications of Women is Participation in Agroforestry.................................168
6.4 Activities in the Orundu......................................................................................170
6.5 The Agroforestry Potentials of the Orundu........................................................177
CHAPTER 7 - SUMMARY OF FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS AND
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................181
7.1 Overview.................................................................................................................181
7.1 Summary of Findings...........................................................................................181
7.2 Recommendation..................................................................................................191
7.3 Proposed Agroforestry Plan for Nyando District...............................................191
7.4 Conclusion............................................................................................................. 201
APPENDIX......................................................................................................................213
Vlll
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Nyando District Population.......................................................................12
Table 1.2 Distribution of the sample in Koru Location into categories and findings
the interval between each..........................................................................13
Table 1.3 Distributing the Sample in North East Nyakach into categories...........14
Table 1.4 Analytical framework.................................................................................16
Table 2.1 Distribution of G.P.D by Productive Sector %.......................................42
Table 3.1 Administrative Units in Nyando District................................................64
Table 3.2 Annual Rainfall in selected Station in Nyando District.........................80
Table 3.3 Average Annual temperature in °C at Kano Irrigation Station..............82
Table 3.4 Average Annual temperature in °C at Koru Coffee Research Station... 83
Table 3.5 Nyando District Population Figure by divisions....................................88
Table 3.7 Statistics on Land Sizes in Sizes in Koru Location................................91
Table 3.8 Migration Trends in Koru.........................................................................95
Table 3.9 Migration Trends in North East Nyakach...............................................95
Table 3.10 Migration Trends in Koru........................................................................95
Table 4.1 New Projects proposal: Environment - Nyando...................................108
Table 4.2 Agroforestry Practices in Nyando District...............................................109
Table 4.3 Tree Planting in Vulnarable Areas of the Rural Landscape..................123
Table 4.4 Common trees/plants used in Agroforestry in Koru...............................125
Table 4.5 Common trees/plant used in Agroforestry in North East Nyakach.......126
Table 4.6 Tree Planting Constraints and Possible Interventions...........................127
Table 5.1 New Project Proposals Culture, Recreation and Sports - Nyando District
Development plan 2002-2008................................................................ 131
Table 5.2 Marital Status of Women in Nyando District........................................132
Table 5.3 Women is Access to Land in Nyando District......................................132
Table 5 4 Education levels in Nyando District........................................................133
Table 5.5 Income levels in Nyando district....................................................... 133
Table 5.6 Types and Levels of Occupation in Nyando District.............................135
Table 5.7 What the Luo culture says about women planting trees........................135
Table 5.8 Persons from whom a window may seek permission to plant trees.....141
IX
Table 5.9 Agro forestry practices in which women are allowed to grow in Nyando
District...........................................................................................................142
Table 5.10 Agroforestry practices in which women are allowed to plant trees in
Koru.............................................................................................................143
Table 5.11 Agroforestry practices in which women are allowed to plant trees....144
Table 5 .12 The Status of sisal in North East Nyakach..............................................148
Table 5.12 Agroforestry Activities Initiated by Women...........................................152
Table 5.13 Tree products women are allowed to sell...............................................153
Table 5 .14 Visit of Agricultural extensions workers to farmers in Nyando
District.........................................................................................................154
Table 5.15 Persons dealt with by agricultural extension workers in Nyando
District.........................................................................................................158
Table 5 .16 Monthly contribution of women groups in koru...................................159
Table 5.17 Activities of women group in Koru.........................................................159
Table 5 .18 Criteria for Membership in Women groups of Koru.............................160
Table 5 .19 Activities of women groups in North East Nyakach.............................161
Table 6.1 Size of Orundu in Nyando district..........................................................166
Table 6.2 Awareness of the Orundu in Nyando District........................................167
Table 6.3 Possession of Orundu in Nyando District...............................................168
Table 6.4 Activities that are carried out in the Orundu...........................................170
Table 6.5 Status of Traditional Vegetables in North East Nyakach.......................172
Table 6.6 Activities in the Orundu against the Size of the Orundu.....................177
Table 6.7 Suggestions by the community on other ways through which Orundu
can be used...................................................................................................180
Table 7.1 Ecological suitability for Agroforestry (ESAF) Index and zone..........197
X
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2 .1 Conceptual Model of Development of Underdevelopment..................26
Figure 2.2 Conceptual Frameworks of Spatial Inequalities......................................27
Figure 2.3 Sustainability...............................................................................................39
Figure 2.4 The Poverty - Environment Relationship...............................................59
Figure 2.5 Ingredients for Sustainable Rural Development.....................................60
Figure 2.6 Conceptual Model....................................................................................61
Figure 2.7 Conceptual Model....................................................................................61
Figure 2.8 Conceptual Model....................................................................................61
Figure 2.9 Conceptual Framework of Agroforestry as a land use approach for
Sustainable rural Environment.................................................................63
Figure 3.1 Average Monthly Rainfall in Selected Metrological Stations in Nyando
District......................................................................................................81
Figure 3.2 Average Annual Temperatures at Kano Irrigation Station...................82
Figure 3.3 Average Annual Temperatures at Koru Coffee Research Station........83
Figure 3.4 Dispersed Settlements Patterns................................................................93
Figure 3.5 Clustered Settlements Patterns................................................................94
Figure 4.1 Agroforestry Practices in Nyando District...............................................110
Figure 5.1 Agroforestry Practices in which women are allowed to grow Trees in
Nyando District..........................................................................................143
Figure 5.2 Agroforestry Practices in which women are allowed to Plant Trees
In Koru..........................................................................................................144
Figure 5.3 Agroforestry Practice in which Women are allowed to Plant trees......145
Figure 5.4 Agroforestry Activities Initiated by Women..........................................152
Figure 6.1 Size of Orundu...........................................................................................166
Figure 6.6 Activities in the Orundu..........................................................................171