rural water supply andhra pradesh water resources study ap-ih volume h

270 Pages·2003·14.86 MB·English

*KV^,M REFERENCE CENTKt
goooo03
Government of India
Government of Andhra Pradesh
Ministryf o Panchayad naRt jaiR ural Development
e GNhoetvhteer rnflmaonedns t
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Directorate General of
International Cooperation
RURAL WATER SUPPLY
ANDHRA PRADESH
WATER RESOURCES STUDY AP-IH
VOLUME H - MAIN REPORT
IWACO
Consultants for Water & Environment
Head Office:
P.O. Box 8520
3009AM Rotterdam
The Netherlands
Rotterdam
July m2
______________ __________8000003
Government of India
Government of Andhra Fradesh
Ministryf o Panchayatid na jaR Rural Development
Governe mNhte eftnoht erlands
Ministry foF oreign Affairs
Directorate Generfaol
International Cooperation
' WATEK SUPPLY
I
RURAL WATER SUPPLY
ANDHRA PRADESH
WATER RESOURCES STUDY AP-IH
VOLUME H - MAIN REPORT
IWACO
Consultan rtoWsf ate& Er nvironment
Head Office:
P.O. Box 8520
3009 AM Rotterdam
The Netherlands
Rotterdam
July 1992
AP-ra Water Resources Study (80.00003/001) page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. . . . .
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
e phroTject 1..2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. . . . . .
1.3 Objee cwhtitva fteoes r resources study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. ..
1.4 Execue shttitu ofodn y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. ..
e rhepTor1t .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. . ..
. 2 STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4. . . . .
2.1 Description of the area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4
2.2 Population and water demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4
3 .2Rural water supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4. . . . . .
2.4 Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
3. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
1.3 Physical background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1. ..
3.2 Hydrogeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1.
3.3 Groundwater resource evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
3.4 Groundwater development for public water supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
4. GROUNDWATER QUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29
4.2 Occurrence of fluoride rich groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29
3 .4Previous studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3. . . . .
4 .4 Available dd anataan alysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3..
4.5 Correlation of fluoride content in groundwater with various
aspects of land- and water resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
4.6 Variation of fluoride content - summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
. 5 SURFACE WATER RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4. . . .
5.1 Main rivers and catchment areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43
5.2 Water balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43
3 .5 Surface water projects under contemplation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54..
4 .5Water quality aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4. . . .
5.5 Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47
FWACO B.V., Department of Overseas Operations DRAFT
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AP-m Water Resources Study (80.00003/001)
In the third phase Mr van der Sommen visited India again (26-3-1992 to 15-4-1992) and •
detailed field work was carried out, including chemical measurements, geophysical |
measurements and field checks for satellite interpretation. The necessary data for the analysis
to generate and select water supply alternatives were collectedt I.c oncerned mainly economical •
data that are prepared by the PRED. The methodology to be followed in the final fourth phase |
was discussed with the parties involved.
In the last and fourth phase in the Netherlands the data collected and prepared into a data base |
were analyzed and processed by means of a geographical information system. Village wise
groundwater alternatives were defined and combined to regional supply alternatives. An «
economical model to calculate investments of groundwater supply options was prepared. The I
results of the first three phases of the study were incorporated in a multi criteria analyses. Final
reporting followed hereafter. _
By the end of each visit in India the most important findings were reported to the Engineer in
Chief of the Panchayati Raj Engineering Department and representatives of the Royal
Netherlands Embassy. •
1.5 THE REPORT
This is the second volume of a two volume report. The first volume contains the findings of the
study in short and the main conclusions and recommendations.
The present volume presents the background information, the data base and details on the
models that have been uses.
The second chapter contains a description of the study area and presents the existing water
supply systems and water resource developments with emphasizes on the water supply systems
of the PRED.
Chapter4 sdnca 3 oncerne ht groundwater resourcesn i terms fo quantityd na quality. Chapter5
describes the surface water resources in and near the study area.
Chapte6 dr escrib ehmets ethd onrdeae shgs tue flnotes ratiof ogn roundwater alternativeAs.
village based approacs ahbh een adoptee dhfT.i nal sectionf soc hap4 t fdenoar rs3e mhmt ain
ine hpti rduofte ntificatiof on local village water supply systems. Chapte6 r includeehts
explanation and application of the economical model that has been developed to estimate the cost
e ohgtf roundwater alternative.
Alternative water supply source eht srAof P-III projece rta presentedn i chapter7 includinga
preliminary financial analysis.
In cha ma pu8tlet ri criteria anas lbayesheens applied.
The work that has been done by APSRAC and CGWB is the subject of the separate reports:
• "Water resources study in part of Nalgonda District using Remote Sensing Techniques
(preparedr of NAP-APIU phase II)"y b APSRAC (includingp am a volume with2 1 thematic
mt 1aap:1 s00,000d scnaale) ;
• "Preliminary Geophysical Surveys for groundwater in Nalgonda District by CGWB; A.N.
Bhowmic a.o.
The most important parts of these reports are integrated in the present report and appendices.
IWACO B.V., Department fo Overseas Operations DRAFT
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LIST OF FIGURES
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2.1 Administe rhsat tftuoi pdvamye area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4./3..
2 .2 Villd awngaaets er demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5./4. . ..
I 2.3 Frequency diagram of village population and water demand
in 1991, 2d 20n00a27 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5. . ..
4 .2 Ded dpnitash charf goPe RED wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7. ..
5 .2 Depd tndha ischarg feoI DC wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .01..
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1 .3 Trf eaonnd nual rainfall over Nalgonda District (CGWB, 1991) . . . . . . . . . .2.1. . ..
3.2 Geological map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12/13
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3.3 Fracture frequency diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
3.4 Water table fluctuations in Narketpally, Deverakonda and Choutuppal . . . . . . . . . .. 19
5 .3 Plar ongf roundwater development (CGWB, 1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21/22
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6 .3 Examplef o calculation groundwater model showin eghti nfluencf eon eighbouring we6l2ls
4.1 Genesis of fluoride rich groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31
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4.2 Process of formation of fluoride groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31
4.3 Minimum fluoride content in PRED wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34/35
4.4 Medium fluoride content in PRED wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34/35
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4.5 Maximum fluoride content in PRED wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34/35
6.4 HistograF m( foms inimum, median, maximumn iP) RED wells . . . . . . . . . . . . .43..
4.7 Histogram of F in IDC- and PRED wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36
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d cnhal oCriEn dPie RED 8w.4ell waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.3. ..
4.9 Fluoride distribution in groundwater near Appadjipat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40/41
4.10 Fluoride distribution in groundwater near Waipally and Jangoan . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41/42
I 4.11 General appraisal of groundwater quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41/42
6.1 Number of wells per village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51/52
I 6.2 Input sheet groundwater economic model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 56
6.3 Present values of a system based on boreholes (80 mVd) with and without
defluoridation plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57
I 6.4 Present values of a system based on dug wells (40 m/d) with and without
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defluoridation plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.5. ..
6.5 Influence of land acquisition, length of power lines and distance from supply
I area of a system with one borehole of 80 m3/d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58
6.6 Break points between bo erveh 0ihtlm8 lona(l3gie/ de C) v FweDristhu s
dug well (40 mVd) at distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59
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7.1 Prioritization of water need (stress on quality) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61/62
2 .7 Alternative water supply options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62/63
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8.1 Reliabif lsiotuy rface water supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 71/72
2 .8 Reliabilit foyg roundwater supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72/73
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I IWACO B.V., Departmf eOont verseas Operations DRAFT
AP-m Water Resources Study (80.00003/001) page
LISF TOTA BLES
1.1 Main characteristics of the water supply component of the AP-M proposal . . . . . . . .. 1
2.1 Dischf e aINorDhgaCel tg- ownnedilal s District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
3.1 Normal monthly rainfall and temperatures in the Nalgonda District . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
3.2 Yields of wells per meter of saturated aquifer in the Nalgonda District . . . . . . . . . .. 17
3 .3 PaAreg NawYu edPnileh illfs adossI e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.1. ..
4 .3 Results from pumping tesn oet xplanatory weehlt lnsi
Nalgonda District (CGWB, 1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.1. . . .
3.5 Results of recharge measurements in Aurepalle watershed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
6 .3 Dynamic groundwater resoue hsrctt uendis y area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2..
4.1 Distribution of fluoride in villages in the study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
4.2 Fluoride variations in surface water bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40
4.3 Fluoride in groundwater of several geological formations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40
5.1 Nagarjuna Sagar Left bank Canal closure periods since 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4..
5.2 Cropping pattern in command area of the Musi project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45
6.1 Water supply system classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48
6.2 Number of system types in groundwater options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52
3 .6 Summf acorf oyg osrt oundwater option 2nd i20s n00a27 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5. ..
7.1 Summary of alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70
8.1 Indicator values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.7. . . .
8.2 Weightage of criteria and score of alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 74
IWACO B.V., Department of Overseas Operations DRAFT
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FLAOIPSPT ENDICES
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Terms of Reference
1.
1 2. Lisf otP ersotnems
3. Documentation
1
4. Job description APSRAC
1 5. Data Base
5. 1 Project villages and hamlets
5.2 Population and water demand
5.3 Existing drinking water supply systems in the project villages
1
4 .5Water demand covern a1gi9e 91
5.5 Data drinking water wells PRED
6 .5 Data irrigation wells IDC
1
6. Legendf o thematic maps
6. 1 Geold osngtaryu cture
1
2 .S6oils
6.3 Landuse - land cover
6.4 Hydrogeomorphology
1
7. Field observations
1
7.1 Field fluoride measurement
7.2 APSRAC data
7.3 Geophysical survey
1 4 .7 Water quality data
8. Spreadsheet modelsf o village water supply systems
1
9. Economic groundwater model
1 10. Financial analysif sos upply alternatives
11. Weights of indicators and alternatives scores
1
1 LISF TOM APS
1. Administration map
1
2. Data Base location map
3. Fluoride data
4. Hydrogeomorphologicalpam
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1 IWACO B.V., Department of Overseas Operations DRAFT
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ABBREVIATIONS AND EXCHANGE RATES
AP Andhra Pradesh
AP-I (to III) Andhra Pradesh I (to III) rural water supply scheme
APSRAC Andhra Pradesh State Remote Sensing Applications Centre
CPWS Comprehensive Protecter do(P iped) Water Supply
DGIS Directorate Generr aofIl nternational Cooperation, Ministrf oy Foreign Affairehst,
Netherlands
C TE Consultant rosDf evelopment Programmes, Leusdene h,tN etherlands
Gram Village
GLSR Groundlevel storage reservoir
GOAP Government of Andhra Pradesh
GOI Governmenf oIt ndia
GON Government of the Netherlands
HMWSSB Hyderabad Metro Water Supply and Sewerage Board
IPM Institute of Preventive Medicine
IWACO International Consultar oWn dftsEa ntnaevr ironment
m.a.m.si meters above mean sea level
Mandal Government level between District and village
MPWS Mini Protected Water Supply
NAP Netherlands Assisted Project(s)
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
O&M Operation and Maintenance
OHSR Overhead storage reservoir
Panchayati Local self government
PR & RD Panchayati Raj and Rural Development
PRED Panchayati Raj Engineering Division
PWSS Protected Water Supply Scheme
Raj Rule
RNE Royal Netherlands Embassy
RWS Rural Water Supply
SERIFED Federation of Sericulturists and Silk Weavers Cooperative Societies Limited
R OT Termf osR eference
1 Dfl.s R = 13.1
sR = 2 $SU51 .5
= D $Sf1Ul . 1.95
IWACO B.V., Departmenf to Overseas Operations DRAFT
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I 1. INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
I 1.1
e hGT overnmenf otI ndia (GOs aIrh)e quested financial support froe hmGt overnmehet nfot
Netherlands (GON) for the implementation of an integrated rural water supply and sanitation
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project in the Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh. This AP-III project is to cover a total of 226
scarcity and fluoride affected villages. The project proposed the construction of two piped water
supply systems with the Nagarjuna Sagar Left Bank Canal as raw water source.
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Ae pnrh oan ptpbf ope oDsohr nfeOaGa odils ics tIfc aStp uaa olrrbowroeiejeerd ch 1t9T91 .
main recommendation of the appraisal team was to carry out a more detailed study of the water
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resources in and near the project area as locally available water might reduce the cost and
e ipne rchroreheptlaio atssfbe eiodli d tsty hynastt aepmo s,sia bllay rge scale piped nsyastcem
be avoided completely.
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The water resources study has been carried out in four phases by Mr. J.J. van der Sommen,
hydrogeologf iIosWt ACO, we . shriKutMthp rpu foporat nidhi, retired De iCrheetc nfttoorra l
I Groundwas n tdeace irol wonshtsBe ueTod ay crod o.peratio enPh awjtnacithhR ayat i
Engineering Departmn iec dnonatn sultation wie thhtN etherlands Assisted Projects (NAP)
Officen i Hyderabad ehT. study took place hte npi eriodf o Januaryo t June 1992eht n,i
I framework of the Review and Support Missions for the Andhra Pradesh projects.
Specific task eAsh wntd ehyrerba c Patrruraiodeed sh State Remote Sensing Agency (APSRAC)
I (Sate eClliehtnet rtiaml aG gedr oiu dnnfntideenrwlpdaarwetaeotarr tk iB)o noard (CGWB)
(geophysical measurements). Among other organizations that partice isphtae tu Strndeatiyda te
Groundwater Department (SGWD), Irrigation Development Cooperation (IDC) and the Institute
I for Preventive Medicine (IPM).
1.2 THE PROJECT
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e phTroposed AP-III project covera ts otal design population 2in 02f o82 80,0e 0phT0ro. ject
is subdivided in two phases. Phase I aims at providing 82 villages with reliable water by means
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a osif ngle comprehensive surface water schen moIro ed .e rteephra otcthe ntial benefits,
additional activitie eraps ropoe hsfte ineidl df osc ommunity based support activitdineas
institution development. Phase 2 covers the remaining 144 villages with a similar comprehensive
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piped scheme. The main characteristics of the water supply component of both phases are
presented in table 1.1.
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Table 1.1: Main characteristics of the water supply component of the AP-III proposal
Design capacity Costs water Total project
Population
I No. of villages 2022 nisupp ly costs
1992
1/8 Rs/mln in Rs/mln
Phase I 82 226. 000 259 386,3 536,4
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Phase E 144 257.000 298 374 714
Total 226 483.000 557 760,3 1250,4
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IWACO B.V., Departmenf oOt verseas Operations DRAFT
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AP-m Water Resources Study (80.00003/001)
3 .1 OB EJWEHCATTT IEFVROE SR ESOURCES STUDY
The main objective of the study is to estimate the quantities of reliable ground and surface water
te hraaavt ailr aonb e enplhaietr r oject a rrodefar inking water sua ps pnulosy tainable basis.
Secondary objectives are:
o td i•stinguish groundwater souo rtct hseaes ir fluoride coo ntft t ideunnwonadt hether
fluoride content in groundwater has a tendency to increase.
• to analyze water samples of potential sources on the presence of micro pollutants.
o ate sphsoe ts•s sibilitf imoes akine gve hp ihmltrlt oaf ajngopeeisc s t area.
o ctolle c•t data concee rsnhuie nipttghar obtpif wloroie tasoay hertfeedtar d ,ln asnnioadi ls
dairy and sericulture activities.
Following the preliminary results of the study that indicate the possibility of groundwater based
water supply systems the need was felt to define and to evaluate different surface water,
groundwater ro combined supply alternatives. This tass kawi ncorporated intoe hts tudeby ot
eNhct eantrih rties ueamrowdl aa f ndeomsed Usu. lti-criteria analyso icts oa wm oote rkable
numbf oearl ternatives that shn ociwl ear tee rshmutsp ply oe phpttrio ofjnoesc t aerheTa.
obo jeae tcsd hstseiivtcsi tei sion makers involo vmetda a kd sewo nueanlld founded chrooicfe
the future water supply of the area.
The Terms of Reference for the groundwater study (hereafter "the study") are shown in
Appendix 1.
1.4 EXECUTION OF THE STUDY
The study was realized in four phases:
During the first visit to India (21-1-1992 to 12-2-1992) institutions are visited and available data
colld eecnvtaaeld ur aKMterdu .panidhi joe imnheitsd sn iHoiny derabA f alpoidse . ttresomns
is shown in Appendix 2. Appendix 3 lists the main reports and data sources used during the
study. In this first period the project area, including the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam was visited and
e htfirst field measurements ycbamr rtueioea fodn ps ortable field rkoifftls uoride
determination. A database structure was set up at the PRED and data handling started by PRED
sto awpfTaf. rties (APSRAd nCCa GWB) were selecte odtc art rufyou rther investigatiodnnas
job descriptions were made (see Appendix 4). A water sampling programme was initiated by
the APSIDC sampling over 188 irrigation wells.
In the second period work was going on in India carried out by the Panchayati Raj Engineering
Departm eehnAttn d( PhdrRnaE aDPr )adesh State Remote Sensing Centre (APSRAC),
including:
• an inventory of existing water supply systems, additional water sampling for fluoride and
micro pollutants;
• preparatiof not hematic mapd ncas orrelatie ohft noltu oride contenn itg roundwatdenar
surface water.
The Central Groundwater Board was preparing for the geophysical measurements to detect
kankar depd ofnsriaatcs tun rreies charge areas.
IWACO B.V., Department of Overseas Operations DRAFT