Table Of ContentRural Livelihoods, Resources and Coping with Crisis in Indonesia
Publications Series
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Rural Livelihoods, Resources
and Coping with Crisis in
Indonesia
A Comparative Study
Edited by
Milan J. Titus & Paul P.M. Burgers
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore
Publications Series
Edited Volumes 3
Cover design:JB&A raster grafisch ontwerp, Delft
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AUP ISBN 978 90 8964 055 0
AUPe-ISBN 978 90 4850641 5
NUR 741 /763
© ICAS / Amsterdam University Press,Amsterdam 2008
First published in Singapore in 2008by
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Table of Contents
List ofTables 7
List ofFigures and Maps 9
Preface 11
1 Making a Living in Turbulent Times:Livelihoodsand
ResourceAllocations in Tana Toraja during Indonesia’s
Economic andPolitical Crises
EdwindeJong 17
2 ThroughTurbulent Times: Diversity, Vulnerability, and
Resilience ofMadurese Livelihoods in East Kalimantan
Gerben Nooteboom 43
3 Livelihood Dynamics, theEconomic Crisis, and Coping
Mechanisms in Kerinci District, Sumatra
Paul P.M. Burgers 71
4 The Economic andEcological Crises and TheirImpacton
Livelihood Strategies ofRuralHouseholds in Yogyakarta
MuhammadBaquini 91
5 Livelihoodsand CopingResponses to theCrisisin Four
Villageswith Different Farm Systems in theSpecial
Region ofYogyakarta
Agus Sutanto 115
6 Livelihood Strategies, Responsesto the Crisis, and the Role
of Non-Agricultural Activitiesin Five Villagesin theSpecial
Region ofYogyakarta
R.Rijanta 153
7 The Effects of theCrisisonLivelihood Systems in “Rurban”
Areas: CaseStudies in the Special Region of Yogyakarta
Djarot S. Widyatmoko 177
6 RURALLIVELIHOODS,RESOURCESANDCOPINGWITHCRISISININDONESIA
8 Economic Change, the 1997 Crisis, and Livelihood
Sustainability in Two Horticultural Communitiesin
SouthSulawesi
Marja Rijerse 205
9 Krismonyang Selamat:The CrisisImpactonLivelihood
Strategies in Desa Parigi,South Sulawesi
Mascha Singeling 233
10 The Asian Crisis, LivelihoodConditions, and Resource Use
in the CoastalVillage ofTamasaju, South Sulawesi
Rogier Vogelij 257
11 Indonesian Rural Livelihoodsand ResourceUse in Crisis?
MilanJ. Titus 277
Contributors 297
References 299
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Households involvedin thevarious livelihood
activities perwealthgroup, Sabara (%) 29
Table 1.2 Households that experienceincome fluctuations,
crises, or positive events (%), Sabara 30
Table 1.3 Households involvedin thevarious livelihood
activities perwealthgroup, Kurre (%) 36
Table 1.4 Households that experienceincome fluctuations,
crises, or positive events (%), Kurre 37
Table 4.1 Profiles of five casestudy villages in the Special
Regionof Yogyakarta 96
Table 4.2 Average control overvarious types ofland(in
squaremeters) 99
Table 4.3 Changesin livelihood strategies in rural households
duringthe 1998-2003crisis 105
Table 4.4 The value of elements related to consumption
responses 107
Table 4.5 The value of elements related to production
responses 109
Table 5.1 Agro-physiographic characteristicsofthe research
areas 118
Table 5.2 Livelihoodsituations in Tirtohargo 121
Table 5.3 Livelihoodsituations in Giriasih 124
Table 5.4 Livelihoodsituations in Sidoharjo 128
Table 5.5 Livelihoodsituations in Wonokerto 131
Table 5.6 Changesin livelihood situation 1998-2003 in four
villages in Yogyakarta 132
Table 5.7 Livelihoodvariablesand incidenceratesby typeof
strategy 134
Table 5.8 Livelihoodstrategies andlife cycles in four villages
in Yogyakarta 136
Table 5.9 Variations in theimpactof thecrisis 139
Table 5.10 Consumptive coping responses offarm households
by livelihood strategy in four villages in Special
RegionYogyakarta 141
Table 5.11 Productive coping responsesby relative. incidence
and livelihoodstrategy in four villagesin Speical
RegionYogyakarta 145
8 RURALLIVELIHOODS,RESOURCESANDCOPINGWITHCRISISININDONESIA
Table 6.1 Classification of the household livelihood situation
in thefive villages, 1998 and2003 157
Table 6.2 Changesin livelihood conditions by economicbasis
of villages, 1998-2003 161
Table 6.3 Changesin livelihood conditions in rural and urban
villages,1998-2003 (percentages) 164
Table 6.4 Scores for consumption responses by livelihood
strategy, 2003 165
Table 6.5 Scores for production responsesby livelihood
strategy, 2003 167
Table 6.6 Scores for consumption responses by type of
household, 2003 169
Table 6.7 Scores for production responsesby typeof
household, 2003 170
Table 6.8 Consumption responsesby basisofnon-agricultural
production, 2003 171
Table 6.9 Production reponsesby basisofnon-agricultural
production, 2003 172
Table 7.1 Distribution ofsample householdsby village and
type oflivelihoodsystems at thetime of research
(end of2002) 189
Table 7.2 Changesin livelihood strategies in Maguwoharjo
village, 1998 and 2003 193
Table 7.3 Changesin livelihood strategies in Trimurti village,
1998 and 2003 196
Table 7.4 Changesin livelihood strategies in Temonkulon
village, 1998 and 2003 198
Table 7.5 Changesin livelihood strategies in Ponjong village,
1998 and 2003 200
Table 8.1 Number ofhouseholds withfirst, second, and third
income-generating activities 214
Table 9.1 Households with expansionist-innovating enterprise
strategies,Parigi 2003 236
Table 9.2 Households with consolidating-conserving enterprise
strategies,Parigi 2003 237
Table 9.3 Households with marginal-defensive enterprise
strategies,Parigi 2003 238
Table 9.4 Prices (in Rupiah)for kebun, sawah, andtegalan
productsin 1997,1999, and2003 239
Table 9.5 Average prices (in Rupiah) forfertilizers in rupiah
in theareaof Parigi 239
Table 10.1 Resource use andlivelihoodsduringthe crisis 275
List of Figures and Maps
Figure 1.1 The island of Sulawesiand theregencyof TanaToraja 20
Figure 2.1 Map ofSamarinda,East Kalimantan 54
Figure 3.1 Kerinci district andits position in Sumatra 73
Figure 3.2 Price developments of rice and most important
externalinputs (1996-2001) 76
Figure 3.3 Price developments in US dollars for experts of
cinnamon(per kg)and coffee(Lb) 77
Figure 3.4 Price developments in Indonesian Rupiah for most
commoncinnamon qualities(ka,kb,kc) andcoffeein
theKerinci District permonth (1997-1998) 78
Figure 3.5 Trend in Rupiah pries forthe major commercial
annualcrops planted (1995-2001) 79
Figure 3.6 Movements in production and plantedareafor
cinnamonand coffee in GunungRaya andGunung
Kerinci sub-districts 87
Figure 4.1 The value of elements related to consumption
responses 107
Figure 4.2 The value of elements related to production
responses 109
Figure 7.1 The location of the research area 179
Figure 7.2 Household consumption and production responses
to thecrisis by strategy type 190
Figure 8.1 Location ofthe research villagesin South Sulawesi 206
Figure 8.2 Distribution ofland according to type oflanduse
and arrangement between owner andcultivator(%) 209
Figure 9.1 Changesin Enterprise Variables 1997-2003:
Socio-EconomicClassification 245
Figure 9.2 Changesin HouseholdVariables 1997-2003:
Socio-EconomicClassification 246
Figure 10.1 Map ofSouthSulawesi 260
