Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation in ASEAN

35 Pages·1999·0.34 MB·English

by  Geoff Corner

RRuurraall DDeevveellooppmmeenntt aanndd PPoovveerrttyy
AAlllleevviiaattiioonn iinn AASSEEAANN
evitcepsre Predne GA
eniarrroeLnroC
M, Er tFe lsIstaaNisnEUavao idei&sAhgAteuRoS
DNALI A,HkTokgnaB
(This paper was presented as a background paper to the ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on Poverty Alleviation and Rural
Development, Kuala Lumpur, 20th October 1997.)
i
setln befatoTnoC
DNUORGKCAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
?noitacida ryetrev od pntanempolev eldar unerovitcepsr erped n yeahgW . . . . . . . . 2
NOITASINI MFEOFYTREVOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
NOITACI DYATRRE ESRVTOO NFPEE GGN NAESAMAHOCW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
NE MRO O WROEOPLFCA T RSSNEBAADONEG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
SE H EC OCANTNOE ER M:IPNOYR PAWTE&AERPSEXAVEOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
hcaor pn pweaoldkcirT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
ygetar t)SDI Wt(nempolev e nDniemoW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
ygeta rt Dtn-ASeGmpole v dernDeadneG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
gnimaertsniaM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
SNOITADNEMM OSDCENEGARNELLAHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
secnerefeR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
LLiisstt ooff TTaabblleess
d n)a00 0r(ebm ufsnoetam i .te 1slEbaT
en iyltrev oep hwtol egbniv inlem olwar u freogatnecrep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
ecr orfuob atllu de a hfetora hss’n e .me 2olWbaT
0791 dna) e0g9a9t1necrep( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
noitapicit reacp rro ufe.ol3 bbaaLT
)noita l g uenepgi goakfaprotonwecrep( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
d4n 9a)9R1 FeT t(yatrilit rleaf te.ol4TbaT
49- 7d8o9 h1,yt)ne Ram ePetCca(nrela veevriptpecartnoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
tnempolev eddetaler-redn e,g)ID Ht(nempolev endam unghoni k .ne 5alRbaT
7 9)9M1 EsGe(xe dtnniemrewo prmeed n de)ngIaDRG( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1
DNUORGKCAB
lar u nrsitlus eervisserp mdieveih ceav asheirtnu orcebm e,mNAE S fAnooitpec nei hetcniS
ylbl eyftrev ofepocnedic ne ih,t59 9d 1n5a7 9n1ee w.t neoBitcud eyrtrev od pntanempoleved
dlro Wa[isyal a nMtin erc e 5p y9db ndanalia h nTtin erc e 0p y9,baisenod n nItin erc e2p8
w1ol es ba5w9 9ny1itrev ofepocnedic ne ihtta hettacid nsierug ikfn ad.B l]r7 o9 W9,1knaB
e h nttin erc e 5pd2 naaisenod n nItin erc e 1pd1nuo r,adnalia hdT naaisyal a nMtin ercep
d nsarenna l,pytrev o npsill adfetnedecerp neuse hgtniniat t fasoseco rep h. ntsIenippilihP
ytrevop-it nda ntanempolev eldar u nreicneirep xeevisnet xdeeni aegv ashrek aymcilop
.semmarg odsrnepaigetarts
.ecneirep xtenereff irdeh t haatr isweirtnu ontcihguo rs baNhAE SfnAooisnap xtenec eerhT
daerpsed iewcneirep x oeetunitn omcante idV nraamna y,Mso asLrebm eNmAE StAsew eenhT
s a5w9 9 n1miante idV nsao a nLyitrev o fpeocnedic n ei. hsTae rlaar u nryilralucitr a,pytrevop
feolpo erpo ofsporebm utnsegr ae lhd tamhante id Vnyalevitceps etrn er ce2d p4n1da4nuora
nrio oe phftton er ce0tp9s o.m ]l7A9 9,1kn adBlro W)[noill i3m.1 3y(rtnu oNcAE SyAna
.sae rlaar u nreiv imlante idV nsao ahLtob
red leo h,tsdradna tgsniv illar ugrnisi adr nyatrev ogpnicud eyrllufssecc u fssoseco rep hntI
fsodn ie khttuo beagdelwo ndketnemucod-ll efe wor doaectalumuc ceav asheirtnu oNcAESA
e hd tn., alsui fhsTsecc usss eelr etwa hetso hsltal es,wadekr otwa hstemmargo rd pnsaeicilop
elbaulav neimoc edblu o,cdepolev ende eobs lsa atha hetsitrep xde neacneirep x feeoroc
gnitnese rspeir essi hnrtiep agpniynapmoc c.e asheTirtnu orcebm etmsew ee nhr toefcruoser
red le o hfstoessecc uesvitis oe phltiat eedr ondmietaremu ns eaehvitcepsr ecpimono ceeht
froefsna rltaitnet oe phsetigr aw lonhwo hd snyatrev ogpnicud ensrieirtnu oNcAESA
nem ohwguoh t. lsArebm eNmAE SwA edn nraed leo hnteewt eebcneirep xde neagdelwonk
ek i,lnoitcud eyrtrev odp ntanempolev eldar u nrsini algaren eeg h ntdiera hyslniatr eecvah
tuo bt aenyra eohltc uemv aNhAE SfsAoeirtnu orcebm ee mhl tl,are vdolr oe whsteirtnuoc
lar uort nsinrecn od cnsatseret nsi’nem od wneavitcepsr erped n deaegtarget nyill uowftoh
Poverty Eradication and Rural Development in ASEAN A Gender Perspective
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tnavel ee rh,tredn ed gnnaem oonwtoital en, ris.u nhoTitacida ryetrev od pntanempoleved
d neagdelwo n fkroefsna retlpm inasa hrteht asrseco rgpninra ellaut ueadmblu omwgidarap
.seirtn uroecb mreem wroeetn dml ooersfitrepxe
yhW eav irtecde np nestogrn eelpm?apn roodu linryetatvarecedivdoapre
e hnetivitcepsr erped n fenaogoisulc ne ihr tosfnoitacifits ugjnor trsu otfsa etel arearehT
rebm exM ies h ytebd atmnemtimm oec h otstetal etrsr i ef. hgTnite esmi hrt oafdnega
ftonemecnav deA h ntnooitaralc eeD hgtning i ns,i88 9y1l u n5JNoAE S fAsoeirtnuoC
rebm elM lnae h5w9 9 n1diecrofni esr atwa httnemtimm o,acnoig eNRAE SeA h ntniemoW
e hr tonfoit cr Aomfrofta lgPniji ee B hostteirotang iesmac e,bw ed nnd al,oseirtnuoC
d neatomor p o“strebm esmtimm oncoitaralc eNDAE Se.A hnTem o fWtonemecnavdA
sdlei fll an ielbisso preveneh wnemo wf onoitapicitra pevitceff edn aelbatiuq eeh ttnemelpmi
,lanoit aen h ttyateic o fseof illarutl udc nlaaic o,scimono c,elacitil oep h ftsolev esluoir a tvdana
oltanoig eer h ntniem oewlban e o“mte hsteriuq eors l. ta”Islev ellanoitanret ndi nlaanoiger
lanoig edr nlaanoit a fnsoeiraicifen edb nsatne geavit c saeal otrnatrop mriie hetkatrednu
rie hdt nnaem o fwsonrecn occifice pes hstna llpanoit aont neitarget noi td“ n”atnempoleved
s aelo rrieh tgniredisno cyllacificep s,tnempoleve df oseiraicifene bdn an istneg aevitc as aselor
e v ”ia,etNcc.Aru]Eod7Sfo9Ar9[p1
elbaredisn o sceire htta h steivitcepsr erpedn e fagnooisulc nei hrt onfoitacifits udjnoc eeshT
, r toefsohoeptr oeyohlptralucit r,a r pyoeftohoiptro jeeahsmtirp mnoe cmt oaewhctnedive
e h stdaebircs ende esb anhonemone hsp i. hnT enma hyttrev o ypdbetcef fear oem rdana
,dr i. hrAtep aep h ftnooitc etssr ief h ntliiat e nddiessucs i edlbl idw nyatrev o fpnooitasinimef
dn aecnediv eevisnetx eeh ts inoitacifitsu jgnillepmo ctso meh tspahre psya wemo sn idna
noitacida re ehr tosftnemurts neivitcef ftes oe m hfet one ornaem otwa httnemug rganicnivnoc
,noitacifits uljan i ef. hrTep aep h ftnooitc edsnoc ees h nt pinuek a etlbl isw i. hyTtrev ofpo
e hoy ttee khe trnaem otwa httnemug rganimlehwre ve ohs,tidri he thodttetal eyrlesolc
.s noitare ntengeuqes byouttsre vnfooopissimsn a ernfhtootitneverp
Poverty Eradication and Rural Development in ASEAN A Gender Perspective
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detim iel hstweiv edr nyatrev o fpnooitasinim eef h fttopecn oec h,tsenima xtesr irfep aspihT
ta hetcnedi veevitatila ueq hdt nnaem ogwno myatrev o fptonet xee h nteocnedi vleaciripme
r oto apshttnemu g ershaetni m. ann x ee e tmhenIotrowe ve e rtssocima p smtt iaishttseggus
,reve w. oyHtrev o fpnooitacida ree hrt osftne geagna hecvitcef fyelhg i ehnb ancemow
fkoc a,lytrev ogpnitanimi lre osftnemurts n sidaeredisn o ecyb anmem ohwguohtla
d nsael orredn efdg onsael ox rersie hfttocap me i hfntooitaicerp pd anganidnatsrednu
se vroe mpe,aheptro f.elr aeihtTne ts noifophoittazil aetehnrte v seoertupnit nsoecpytoerets
x ess’nem ohwt owb oshenima xde nraedn edg nxa enseewt esbecnereff ied hetziramm u osnto
d nyatrev ofnpooitasinim ee fhodtta eslepytoere td snsael orredn eftgocap me ihd tnsaelor
.ytrev oeptanimi l oestemmargo rdp ntanempolev e ndnioitapicitr alpl umfo rnfem oewdulcxe
froeb m duaeni retv a,hdlr oe whdtnuo rsatnemnrev orgeh teok i,lseirtnu orCebm eNMAESA
:sehcaor prpoa jeaem r ehshtwtei vre er. ps eaehpuT sessi ehh ttli awsoeetdhcaor ptpnaereffid
D A fGnooisnet x neda n;aD A rGtonempolev edd nraedn e;gD I rW,otnempolev e ndniemow
ese hgtniylp p naeicneirep xNeAE SeA hstweiv enre hrtep a ep. hgTnimaertsni a smnawonk
e h ntriedn edg nnaem o,wytrev o fpeous sei hstredisn o tc,iylla n. isFehcaorp pyacil ospuoirav
secnav doas l. tasIegnella hccifice pds nsatcepso rgpniyfitne d,iNAE SdAednap xee h fteorutuf
e hrt otfnempolev eldar udr nyatrev o npriedn edg nnaem o nwsonoitadnemmoc e frroebm uan
.srekam-ycil o fpnooitaredisnoc
FEMINISATION OF POVERTY
t uebrutaret itlnempolev eed h ntdie syulevisnet x setia hmtr e satyitrev o fpnooitasinim eefhT
laut cea hgtniyfitne d niyitluciff i ed. haTt aedvitatitna uhqguor hdtetaitnatsb uyslis asesel
e htytal ndoetnese rypliramots ue craat aydtrev otpa httc ae fhnstie inlem orwo ofsporebmun
ylevitarapm o ecdblu o tw,iemoc n fisomr e ntdierusa e smyitrev oepr e. hlWev edllohesuoh
eghnt onmea mnfooowitrop o erhhpstilba tdsle uto awnhwtodka ee xrdaebisv oeorltppmis
ec n. iyStrev ogpnirusa erm osfis albautpecn olcau seu h sthici h,wemoc n fisomr e ntrioop
gnidulc n,istnemeltit n,emr est’n ee Sso, utrsoecruos efyrotei r osaatsvec csaedivo repmocni
Poverty Eradication and Rural Development in ASEAN A Gender Perspective
4
erusa e omdte s eudblu olcev ellaudivid n ni taaat aedmoc neilbail e,rrew ogpnikam-noisiced
. dlohesu oeh hntiht iywtrev oepvitaler
os l sadi ntacell o octtluciff iydlsuoirot o snait aedmoc nsieirtnu ogcnipolev e nd,irevewoH
seirtnu ogcnipolev e ndyitrev o fptonemerusa eem h,tyltneuqes n. oeClbailer n e uobntwonk
etbhg i tmyiroe h nthiguoh t. lsAyevr uesrutidnep xmeo rdfeniat baot a ndyol e orstdnet
fmoe thic are oeflbisnops edrlohesu oeh h ntniosr eep h ftxo ees hntiatrec s oaetlbissop
nyilniatr edc n,aseiteic oysn a. nmtIluciff iedr o smait ahdc u fsnooitaterpret nei h,terutidnepxe
enitu ofyrotiroj ae mhr toeflbisnops eyrliramots ue crnaem o,wseirtnu oNcAE Se A hfttosom
ftos ohmt i,wpihsdrawe t fseo nyollacip y steil orrie hetcn i,sreve w. osHerutidnep xdelohesuoh
nem oew hnta hrteht asrrebm eymlim arfeh t fotoifen eeb hrt ogfni esberutidnep xeeseht
erutp adclu oawt aedrutidnep xfseonwodkae rx betsa hetug rotatluciff iedr ost,miisevlesmeht
.srebm edmlohesu olhaudivid n fiyotrev oepvital eerht
dn ulFanoitanret neI h ytdbelipm o,cytrev olPar udRlr o fWeota teS h,Tseitluciff ihdc uestipseD
sedivo r,p]59 9,1oiccun adP nraigma l,Ayriaza J)[DAF It(nempolev elDarutlucir grAof
s tsies aybdu t es. heTn iyltrev oep hwtol egbniv inlem olwar u frsorebm uen h ftsoetamitse
e hdt neaz idslohesu oehgare v,anem o ywdbeda eshdlohesu o fhroebm uen h ntsoetamitse
oit aerlam/elam egafnimus s,aen iyltrev oep hwtol egbniv inloitalup olpar uer h fteogatnecrep
nyitrev o npniem o fwsonoitropo rep hstetacid ne1il b. e a1obsTtdlohesu odhedaeh-el anmi
setamit sees e. hnToitinif esdi h ntdoes a,bydu tDsA FeI h ntdiedulc nsieirtnu oNcAE SeAht
n e,vsedlohes utosher o eothp atehctned iesvrie eehct n,iesvitavres ndsoeacdra gteesbrum
os l saeir e. hn Tenma hntem o fwnooitropo rrpehg ieahv a,hnem o ywdbeda eth onnehw
,yteic orsalucitr ae phnstinoital erredn enggonidnep e,dta httsegg uoestcnedi veelbaredisnoc
em o nsginiv inlem oew h ftlo l rayon atma hhtc u sseimoc n finooitubirts iddlohesuoh-art neiht
.en iyltrev oep hwtol egbniv itlc a nfei rsadlohesu orhoop-raen
elbarapm oecdivo r opstli adf nnaem orwo o fpsorebm uen hstetamitse-red nyulbabo re1plbaT
e hfntooitanima xweol ltacer it dosne o tsd.iu n herTmo ofrpoebm ue nhr tosfetamitse
w osh es,toride v.ey wtorHe vnfooopitasini m ee dhfynttare vnnoeip mloaw rnfuooritroporp
Poverty Eradication and Rural Development in ASEAN A Gender Perspective
5
.dnaliah Tdn asenippilih Pn idesaercn iyllautc aytrevo pn inemo wf osrebmu neh ttaht
tneserp esresaerc neise hrtehte hhwsilbat s oedtede e endblu oswerug iefl aemlbarapmoC
sedivo repcru oesm aes h,telbalia vta oen rease hhtguoh t. lyAtrev o fpnooitasinim egfnisaercni
e htta hgtnim u.s ystArev oeptulos bngainiv inloitalup olpar ue r hfntooitropo re phr tosferugif
fn4omul o,Ctnetsisn oec r”aytrev oeptulosb ad“ n”aen iyltrev oep hwtole b f“sonoitinifed
nn e iem.fron o awee h mh esooTrr hwoalwoa p rnefuohorittrop oesrheptta mei lt1bsaeT
. aisyal arM o 3f f7hog idah nsaenippili hrP o 5f f5wo onaleewt esbegn ayrtrev olparur
e hfl tolr aosfra e5fey 1oge ahrte veocr orfuob atllu de ahfetora hss’nem osww o eh2lsbaT
s’nem o,wdnalia hfnTooitpec xe ehhtt i,wta hr ta.e slsteciIirtnu orCebm eNMAE StAnerruc
rebm erMero odp nraew een h ntriehg ihhc u smsicitsita tlsaicif feo h ntdiedroc e srearahs
.se igr n tien tuu e,r do o tetosCotT reaenpi tc eemrreehyeertougtrtalhoascexmftmecdeerarg
e h fteora hss’ne m. osWecnereff ilda enra hrteht agrnikr onwem o fwyotilibatpec claaic ofso
tpec csaeitinumm olcar uercn i,sses alc l naliat oet hrt onfa hrtehg i ehdblu oewcr orfuob allarur
.seili mraif ethrtop pkou rtsto swsudmlohes uro ohto spnnoeim mto awyhttil aeehrt
e h ftrootacid n ni sadaedrag esremitem o ssniem o ywdbeda eshdlohesu o fhroebm uenhT
o yn sb ti,in enma hsts enlr aeegare v nanoem ohwguoht l,areve w. oyHtrev o fpnooitasinimef
ydbeda eehso hnta hrtero oedpbluo hnsem oydwbeda eshdlohesu otha hctitamot usanaem
pihsdae hdlohesuo helame fro fsnosae reh tn oylivae hdnepe dlli wytrevo pevitale rrie h .Tnem
yl neo h,tai shAtu o nS s i,a. fyIteic orsalucitr aep h ntpiihsda eehlam e ffsouta tlsaren eeg hdtna
e hhtguor h,tecio h ocenv aoh hewso het rsadlohesu odhedaeh-elam e nfeiv i olytlek inlemow
yletelpm oe crsadlohesu ohhc ud sn,ada eehl ae mhfntooitargimt urnoooitres e,dhtaed
o tyleki ler asdlohesuo hdedaeh-elame fneh t,pihsdae helame frieh tf oesuace bdesilanigram
-el armo onnpiem o,wses ahcc unnsie v,erev e.w sodHlohesu odhedaeh-el anma hrteroop
oet usddlohesu odhedaeh-elam e nfeiso hnta hrtero onpe v eeybllaut cya asmdlohesu odhedaeh
-elam e,fai stAsaehtu o fSto s .o nsmIecruos e frnooitubirts iddlohesuoh-art n ninioitanimircsid
y bdedaeh-elame fer ayna mdn adesilanigra myllaico sylirassece nto ner asdlohesuo hdedaeh
,aelbatpec cyallaic oes rsadlohesu odheda eehlam eefc n. iyStissec enna hrteht aerciohc
di a npginikr onwoitacu deem ohst inwem oew rsada eehlam e ffnooitropo rtpnacifingis
Poverty Eradication and Rural Development in ASEAN A Gender Perspective
6
erof enbem orweh thot iswdlohesu oghnira hnsem ogwnikr ogwnu o syhac u,stnemyolpme
ed.tnf rieogeo s nho soetotptedpromAhlpanatoohe s eun soonehiih tt.aelg uaepihorTpram
.ecio hnca hrteht ayrtissec efdnoeda eehlam ee frtaa hstdlohesu oehso he tr,aela cesht
nginiv islnosr elp l faeomoc neigare vea hnte h,wro o ep obytlek ielr oem ryae hhtguohtlA
rotacid ndio ota go snpiihsda eehlam e,fnoitaredisn ooct nniek a stsidlohesu odhedaeh-elamef
.ytrev ofnpooitasinim ee f h frtyootrev ofpo
Table 1. Estimates of number (000) and
percentage of rural women living below the poverty line
NNuummbbeerr ooff rruurraall RRuurraall PPeerrcceenntt
yrtnuoC wwoommeenn PPooppuullaattiioonn wwoommeenn
iinn aabbssoolluuttee iinn
1965- 1988
ppoovveerrttyy ppoovveerrttyy
70
11998888
aisenodnI 24,65 23,713 34,608 68
3
aisyalaM 2,393 1,572 2,161 73
senippilihP 6,791 12,245 22,390 55
dnaliahT 8,577 9,040 14,464 63
ecruoS : Table 9.2, Idriss Jazairy, Mohiuddin Alamgir and Theresa Panuccio, The State of World
laruR :ytrevoP nA yriuqnI otni stI sesuaC dnasecneuqesnoC ss eyrtPisrev ikn rU wo,eYN
r o,fD.A5F9I91
reht ayrllaren e sgyitrev o fpnooitasinim eef h ntaot aedvitatitna utqcer ied hstuhT
:ytre vnfooopitasini mtesfeg gtou adsshrtotaci dlnaire v,erseve w,o eherra e.hyTrotcafsitasnu
Quantitative : oytlek ielr oem rnaem o-w
• ,diap neub
• ,sb oejg aw wonklirow
• d n,akr oewm ae shr ton fenma hsts enlrae
• .emoc ndilohesu oeh h fteora hrsella mnasiag
Poverty Eradication and Rural Development in ASEAN A Gender Perspective
7
Qualitative :
• dn a,sdee ncisa bylima fro felbisnopse rer anemow
• .emoc nri otfrof feetutitsb utss unmem o,wtneiciffus n sieimoc nniehw
skar o ow rteovitca nyillacimono c sedaetaremu n ee obnt enma hytlek ielr oem rnaemoW
. )e3lb aeTe Ss(rekr oywlim adfiapnu
Table 2. Women’s share of the adult labour force
1970 and 1990 (percentage)
yrtnuoC 1970 1990
Brunei Darrusalam na na
Indonesia 30 39
Laos 45 47
Malaysia 31 36
ramnayM 44 44
Philippines 33 37
Singapore 26 38
Thailand 48 47
manteiV 48 50
ecruoS :elb a6T1 ,,PDNU t,nter monppaoemlRueHveD New York: Oxford University
.79 9,1sserP
e rna enma hntem o fwnooitropo rrpehg i,ahtnemyolp mdei a npniem ogwno mnaevE
nem o,waid ndI naani hgCnidulc x,eai s nAtia hstetamit sDeA F.Isb oejg aww o nldietartnecnoc
)erutlucirga-n ontnin er ce8 p4e(g aewl ae m h f tt4oyn 5le r ncdeoip ae prearutlucir gnai
deng igsniv asheirtnu oNcAE SeA h fttos oemtips e,dylla n. i]F5 .e9lb a:T59 9,1 l ta,eyriazaJ[
Poverty Eradication and Rural Development in ASEAN A Gender Perspective
8
yna mdn a)WADEC (nemo Wtsniag Anoitanimircsi Df osmro fll Agnitanimil Enoitnevno Ceht
nev ene mnah tsse ldia pe bo tyleki lllit ser anemo w,noitalsige lkro wlauq ero fya plauq egnivah
rer oe ovsparhecud onre pmt oaw whoo thsssleaid uetvsi s.nk e re y tomeoenxwahdheEstthw
tsegg ussrotc aefs e .hl ytlgAolonhc ed tntaide rodctn amlo r,fsecruos el rlon atenma hstsecca
r oefs agcnillep m eoatcutitsn od cnrao oe p hfytotiroj ae mhetsirpm ooyctlek ie lrnaem otwaht
.ytila eervitatitna u saqyitrev o fpnooitasinim eef htta hgtnitpecca
Table 3. Labour force participation
(percentage of working age population)
yrtnuoC Labour force participation rate Female
proportion of
yl idmiaafpnu
workers
nemoW neM nemoW
ienurB an an an
malassuraD
aisenodnI 41 73 68
soaL an an an
aisyalaM 35 75 64
ramnayM 39 74 an
senippilihP 47 82 46
eropagniS 50
dnaliahT 65 84 66
manteiV 62 82 an
ecruoS : naisA tnempoleveD ,knaB Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries, 1996
dna ,NAESA The Advancement of Women in ASEAN, A Regional Report, 1997.
Poverty Eradication and Rural Development in ASEAN A Gender Perspective