Running ABAQUS 6.4 (PDF Format) - Department of Engineering

18 Pages·2014·0.25 MB·English

CONTENTS CONTENTS
7 PostProcessingusingThirdPartyPrograms 33
7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.2 PostProcessingusingPATRAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Running ABAQUS6.4
8 Troubleshooting 33
8.1 NoMessageFile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.2 BlankpagesinsteadofPlotsforhardcopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
ArulMBritto
8.3 BlueIconinsteadofDialogueBox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.4 Bugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
October7,2005
9 FAQandOtherInfo 34
9.1 On-lineDocumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Contents 9.1.1 Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
9.1.2 UserManual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Manuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 ABAQUS/Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 ABAQUS/Explicit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 WheretoStart? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 SuggestedCourseofAction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 DataPreparation 6
2.1 Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 ABAQUSInput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.1 Exercise1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.2 Exercise2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 SimpleMeshGenerationCommands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 RunningABAQUS 22
3.1 RunningBatchJobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2 RunningMediumSizedJobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3 RunningLargeJobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4 ABAQUSEnvironmentFile:abaqusv6.env. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.5 CheckingforErrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.6 KillinganABAQUSjob. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.7 CheckingtheLicenseServer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.8 RestartinganABAQUSRun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4 FileextensionsusedbyABAQUS 25
5 PrintedOutput 26
6 RunningABAQUS/Viewer 28
6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2 MeshPlots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.3 DisplacementPlotsandGettingHardCopies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.4 ContourPlots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.5 PATHPlots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.6 X-YPlots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.7 CreatingaForceDisplacementPlot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.8 WritingOutResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1 2
1 INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1.3 WheretoStart?
1 Introduction Create complex ABAQUS Pre
cae
Geometry CAE Processing
ABAQUSisageneralpurpose(cid:2)niteelementprogramdistributedbyABAQUSLtd. Ithasalarge binary
elementlibraryandiscapableofanalysisofavarietyofproblems(linear,nonlinear,static,dynamic,
ascii
structuralandthermal). ABAQUS/CAEisaninteractivegraphicalforrunningABAQUS.Postpro-
cessingisprovidedbyaseparatemoduleknownastheViewer. inp
Themainaimofthismanualisprovideanoverview. Itdoesnotprovideanyinstructionson
howtoruntheCAEmodule.Thishasbeencoveredextensivelyelsewhere.Howeveressentialuseof Message file
ABAQUS/Vieweriscoveredbutbynomeanscomprehensive. Printed output msg
Theremainderofthissectiondealswiththemanuals,thecommandstorunthevariousmodules
andhowtogoaboutrunninganABAQUSanalysisintheCambridgeUniversityEngineeringDepart- dat ABAQUS Analysis
ment’sTeachingSystem(T.S.)Computers. res
Section2ofthismanualdealswiththeinputtotheABAQUSAnalysismodule. Section3sum- ascii
marisesthesystemdependentcommandsnecessarytorunABAQUSintheTeachingSystem.Section Restart binary
file
4liststhevarious(cid:2)lescreatedduringanABAQUSrun. Section5summarisestheprintedoutput.
odb Output
Section6dealswiththepostprocessingfacilitiesavailablewithABAQUS.Section7dealswithpost-
Database
processingusingthePATRANprogram.Section8dealswithhowtotroubleshootwhenyouencounter binary
problems.Section9coversfurtherinformationonadditionalmanuals,examplesandABAQUSFAQ’s.
Post
ThishandoutismainlyaimedatABAQUS/Standardusers.Thereisnoequivalenthandoutforthe ABAQUS ps
ABAQUS/Explicitprogram.ABAQUS/Explicitusersshouldconsulttherelevantusermanuals. Viewer Processing
1.1 Manuals
Represents files which are identified by the
AsetofthemanualsisavailableforreferenceintheComputerOperator’sOf(cid:2)ce.Notallthemanuals extension names.
areavailableinpaperform.Somemanualsareonlyavailableon-line(Example:Theory,Veri(cid:2)cation
...).SeealsotheUsingABAQUSOn-linedocumentation.
PS - Postscript files
Theon-lineversionofthemanualsiscomprehensiveandup-to-date.
Figure1:ABAQUS/CAE,ABAQUS/ViewerandtheAnalysisModule
1.1.1 ABAQUS/Standard
1. GettingStartedwithABAQUS/Standard 1.3 WheretoStart?
2. ABAQUS/StandardUser’sManual(VolumesI,II,III,IV,VandIV) Figure1showstheinter-relationshipbetweentheABAQUSAnalysismoduleandthepreandpost-
3. Theory(commontobothStandardandExplicitversions) processormodules(CAEandViewer).
4. ExampleProblemsManual (cid:0) IfyouwanttomakeastartusingABAQUSwiththeminimumamountofreadingtogetfamil-
iarisedwithrunningsimpleproblemsthenstartwiththeABAQUS/CAEUser’smanualChapter
5. ABAQUSKeywordsManual 3tutorialofAloadedcantileverbeam.Thistakesonethroughpre-processing,analysisandpost
processingfromwithinthegraphicalinterfaceABAQUS/CAE.InChapter4thereisafurther
6. Veri(cid:2)cation
tutorialdealingwithadvancedtechniques.
7. ABAQUS/CAEUser’sManual
(cid:0) IfyouwanttofamiliariseyourselfwiththestructureoftheABAQUSinputdatathenwork
throughtheexamplegiveninthishandoutandtryrunningtheexample(sections2and3)and
1.1.2 ABAQUS/Explicit thencompletethepostprocessing(section6).Thenifyouhavetomakechangestotheinputdata
youwillhavesomeideaofthestructure/layoutofaninput(cid:2)le.Thenyoucanworkthroughthe
1. GettingStartedwithABAQUS/Explicit
tutorialsmentionedabove.Thenfollowthesuggestedcourseofaction,incarryingoutyourown
2. ABAQUS/ExplicitUser’sManual(VolumesIandII) analysis.
1.2 Programs
1.4 Commands
ABAQUS/StandardandABAQUS/ExplicitarebothavailableintheCUEDteachingsystemcomput-
ers.ABAQUS/CAEisthepre-processorandABAQUS/Viewerinthepostprocessor.PATRANisan To(cid:2)ndoutaboutalltheoptionsthatareavailablewithABAQUSandthiswilllistalltheoptionsthat
establishedpre-andpost-processorforABAQUS. canbeusedwhenrunningABAQUS.Seealsosections3.1.1,3.2.1to3.2.11oftheABAQUSUser’s
ABAQUS/Designisanewcapabilitywhichissuitableforparametricstudyandoptimisation. manual(Volume1)formoreinformationonexecutionprocedures.Section3.3.1hasexamplesofusing
theabaquscommand.
3 4
1 INTRODUCTION 1.5 SuggestedCourseofAction 2 DATAPREPARATION
abaqushelp (cid:0) Chapter6oftheUsersmanualdealswiththedifferentanalysesandprocedures.Thisisagood
Toaccesstheon-lineinformationonthekeywords(moredetailsinsection9.1) placetostart.
abaqusdoc
To(cid:2)ndoutwhichexamplesmakeuseofaparticularkeyword,illustratedherewiththekeyword (cid:0) Chapter9givesanintroductiontothematerialbehaviour.Chapters10to12coverallthemate-
dynamic, rialmodelsavailableinABAQUS.
abaqus(cid:2)ndkeywordjob=dynamic ABAQUSprovidesabroadrangeofmaterialmodels. Section9.1.3hasmaterialmodelcombi-
*dynamic nationtableswhichishelpfulinshowingwhichmaterialpropertiescouldbecombinedtogether
* (cid:1)CR (cid:2) andwhichcannotbe.
Theoutputwillbewrittentothe(cid:2)lereferredtobyjobandwiththeextensiondatiedynamic.dat.The (cid:0) Chapter13introducestheelementtypes. Lookthroughchapter13to15oftheabovemanual
analysesdata(cid:2)leslistedinthis(cid:2)lecanbeobtainedusingtheabaqusfetchcommand. toidentifytheelementtypestobeusedintheanalysis.Thissectionalsohasinformationonthe
Toextractacopyoftheinput(cid:2)lesfortheairspringexampleabaqusjob=airspring*fetch typeofloading.Chapters16to18containsinformationonmorenon-generalspecialistelement
Torunthepre-processingprogramABAQUS/CAE types.
abaquscae Oncetheelementtypehasbeenidenti(cid:2)edinthesamesectionalistofactivedof,typeofloading
ItisalsopossibletosubmitthejobanddothepostprocessingfromABAQUS/CAEwithoutexiting thatcanbeappliedtotheelementtypeandtheoutputparametersavailablefortheseelements
fromit. canbefound.
TorunanABAQUSanalysis(bothABAQUS/StandardandExplicit)
abaqusjob=abcd1 (cid:0) LookthroughtheElementIndexinvolumeIIfortheelementtypes.LookthroughtheKeywords
TorunthepostprocessingprogramABAQUS/Viewer Manualtocheckthevariouskeywords.FollowthereferencestotheUser’smanual.Refertothe
abaqusviewer sectionswhicharerelevanttoyouranalysis.
TocreateanexecutablemodulefromauserwrittenFortranprogram(thiswouldcreateprog1.x) (cid:0) Chapter19(volumeII)hasinformationonloadingandboundaryconditions. Furtherinfor-
abaqusjob=abcd1makeuser=prog1.f mationonMPC(MultiPointConstraints)andcontactproblemcanbefoundinchapters20to
Toruntheexecutablemodulecreatedusingthemakecommand: 22.
abaqusprog1.x
TorunMSC/PATRAN (cid:0) Section4.1.1(VolumeI)dealswiththeoutputfromABAQUS.
patran
ForotherABAQUScommandsseesection3.1.1oftheUser’smanualVol. 1. Section3.3.1has (cid:0) SearchthroughthecontentsoftheExampleProblemsManualto(cid:2)ndtheexamplesinthe(cid:2)eld
examplesofitsuse. ofyourinterest.
(cid:0) LookthroughthecontentsoftheVeri(cid:2)cationmanualto(cid:2)ndtheexamplesinthe(cid:2)eldofyour
1.5 SuggestedCourseofAction interest.
(cid:0) Newusersarerecommendedtoreadthroughsections1.1.1&1.2.1oftheUser’smanualvolume (cid:0) AnotherusefulsourceisthecoursenotesofthevariouscoursesrunbyABAQUSCompany.
I.Section1.2.2dealswithconventionsandunits.
(cid:0) Runanexampleproblemandfamiliariseyourselfwiththevarious(cid:2)lesandintheuseofthe
TheGettingStartedwithABAQUS/Standardmanualisthebeststartingplacefornewusers.It variousprogrammodules(ABAQUS,ABAQUS/CAE,ABAQUS/Viewer).
hasexamplesonlinear,non-linear,dynamic,plasticityandcontactproblems.Italsohasagood
introductiontotheuseofcontinuumelements,shellandbeamelements. (cid:0) Startwithasimpli(cid:2)edsituationofyouranalysiswithveryfewelements,stepsandincrements.
Foruserswhoarelaunchingthemselvesintotheir(cid:2)rstanalysistherelevantinformationforany Thentheturnaroundtimewhileyoudebugthedataandrootouttheerrorswillbeshorter.
givenanalysisisspreadoverthemanyABAQUSmanuals. OnceyoufamiliariseyourselfwithABAQUSyoucanre(cid:2)nethemeshandaddcomplexitytothe
analysis.
Youneedtoreadalltherelevantsections,makenotesasyougoalongandalsofollowuponall
cross-referencesyoucomeacross. (cid:0) Inordertofamiliariseoneselfwiththe6.4styleformatoftheinput(cid:2)lesection2.6.1De(cid:2)ningan
Youneedto(cid:2)ndalltheinformationpertainingtothefollowingtopicsforyouranalysis Assemblyintheusers’sManualVolume1isrecommendedreading. Thisisessentialreading
onlyifyouneedtomakechangestotheinput(cid:2)lecreatedbyCAEusingatexteditor. Thisis
(cid:150) AnalysisType(Procedures) againifyouareusingfeatures/keywordscurrentlynotsupportedbyCAE.
(cid:150) ElementTypes
(cid:150) MaterialBehaviour
2 DataPreparation
(cid:150) Loading
(cid:150) BoundaryConditions Figure2showsthevariousABAQUSmodulesandtheinter-relationshipbetweenPATRAN,Pro/ENGINEER
(cid:150) Output programsandABAQUS.Asshowninthis(cid:2)guretheABAQUSinputdata(cid:2)le*.inpcanbecreatedby
PATRANinteractively.ItisalsopossibletousethemeshgenerationcommandsavailableinABAQUS
Onlyafterreadingalltherelevantinformationareyouinapositiontorunyourownanalysis.It (section2.4).Ifyouareworkingwithcomplexand/or3-dimensionalgeometriesuseofeitherPATRAN
isagoodideato(cid:2)ndanexamplewhichisclosesttoyouranalysisrequirement. orFEMGENisrecommended.
5 6
2 DATAPREPARATION 2 DATAPREPARATION 2.1 Units
Complex3dimensionalgeometriescanbecreatedinPro/ENGINEERandimportedintoPATRAN
andthenmeshedbeforeaABAQUSanalysis.ItisalsopossibletousethenewABAQUS/CAEmod-
ulewhichprovidesthecapabilityofbothasolidmodeller(Pro/ENGINEER)andapre-processor(PA-
Solid Create
Pro/ TRAN).HoweverbecauseCAEisrelativelynewitdoesnotasyetcaterforthefullcapabilitiesoffered
ENGINEER Modeler Complex bytheanalysismodules(ABAQUS/Standard&Explicit).
ABAQUS/CAEhassolidmodellingcapabilitieswhichmaynotbeascomprehensiveasthatof
Geometry
asolidmodelersuchasPro/ENGINEERbutneverthelessmaybeadequateforwhatmostusers
requirement. Italsohasanoptionwhereanykeywordswhichisnotyetcateredforusingthemenu
ascii ascii
basedsystemcanbedirectlytypedinusingatexteditorfromwithinABAQUS/CAE.Theadvantage
cae
prt, asm ofdoingthiswithintheABAQUSframeworkinsteadofoutsideisthattheABAQUSdatabasedoes
part assembly notgetoutofstepwiththeinputdata.
AlternativelytheusercanrefertotheABAQUSUSER’smanualsandcreatetheinputdata(cid:2)le
(*.inp)inatexteditorusingABAQUScommands.
ABAQUS Pre Section2.4givessomesimplecommandsformeshgenerationprovidedwithintheABAQUSpro-
PATRAN CAE Processing gramitself.
ThePATRANandFEMGENprogramscanbeusedtogeneratethedata(cid:2)lesforstructuralandther-
malproblems.Howeverifyourequiretogeneratethedata(cid:2)leforananalysisinanyotherspecialised
ascii (cid:2)elditmaynotbepossibletocreatethecompleteinputdata(cid:2)lereadyforanalysis.Youmayhaveto
inp Log file createthedata(cid:2)leforastandardstructuralorthermalproblemandthenwriteoutthe*.inpdata(cid:2)le.
log ascii Theneditthis(cid:2)leusingatexteditorandmakethenecessarychangestotheelementtypes,material
propertiesbyreferringtotheABAQUSmanualsandthensubmittinganABAQUSjob.
Printed output Message file Section2.2explainswhatconstitutesanABAQUSinputdata(cid:2)leforasimplestaticanalysisofa
dat ABAQUS msg Analysis structuralproblem.Theinputdata(cid:2)leisillustratedforasimpleexample.
ascii res Refsitlaert theTPyApTeRpAatNranprtoogrruanmt.heTyPpAeTfRemArNunprtoogrruanmt.hSeeFeEthMeG(cid:147)VBepgrinognrearm’s.GSueiedethteoFPAEMTRGAVNU(cid:148)soenrhMoawnutoaluosne
binary howtousethefemgenprogram.Atrainingguideisalsoavailable.
Output SeealsotheCUEDwebpagesunderhelp/EngineeringPackages/(cid:2)niteelements/Preand
database odb binary Results PostProcessingformoreinformationoneitheroftheseprograms.
binary fil file
2.1 Units
QuestionoftenaskediswhatunitsdoesABAQUSuse? Theanswerisitdoesnotuseanyparticular
units. Anotherquestionasked:HowdoesonesettheunitsinABAQUS?Theanswerisyoucannot
settheunits.InputparametersaresimplynumbersasfarasABAQUSisconcerned.
ABAQUS/ Post ThereisnounitsassociatedwithABAQUS.Theuserhastochooseanappropriatesetofunits.
PATRAN Viewer Processing ForstructuralproblemtheusershoulddecideonunitsforLengthandForce. Fortimedependent
problemstheunitforTimealsohastobechosen.
Example:
ps ps
Length(Co-ordinates)- (cid:3)(metres)
+ other formats + other formats Force - (cid:4)(Newtons)
Time - (cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7) (seconds)
Modules
Thenalldependentparametersmustbespeci(cid:2)edinaconsistentsetofunits.Forexamplestiffness
shouldbespeci(cid:2)edin (cid:4)(cid:8) (cid:3)(cid:9)(Pascals)anddensityin (cid:10)(cid:11) (cid:8) (cid:3)(cid:12).
Represents files which are identified by the IfthechosenLengthdimensionismetresthenathicknessof4mmwillbeinputas0.004.Instead
extension names. ifthechosenunitswasmmmtheninput4.0.
Itisnotagoodideatoselectanarbitrarysetofunitsatthebeginningandthenhopetosortoutthe
PS − Postscript files
resultslater(Example:Co-ordinates-mm,Young’sModulus-GPa).
Figure2:ABAQUS,PATRANandPro/ENGINEERPrograms
7 8
2 DATAPREPARATION 2.2 ABAQUSInput 2 DATAPREPARATION 2.2 ABAQUSInput
Quantity SI SI(mm) SI USUnit(ft) USUnit(inch) Iftheoptionrequiresdatacards,theyfollowthekeywordcard.Thesyntaxofkeywordanddata
Length (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:13)(cid:14) (cid:15)(cid:16) cardsisde(cid:2)nedinsection1.2.1(ABAQUSUser’smanualI).Keywordsmayhaveparameters. Key-
Force (cid:4) (cid:4) (cid:10) (cid:4) (cid:17)(cid:18) (cid:13) (cid:17)(cid:18) (cid:13) wordcardsusetheformatinwhichblanksareignoredandthecommas(,)separatetheparameters.
Mass (cid:10)(cid:11) (cid:14)(cid:19) (cid:16) (cid:16) (cid:6) ((cid:20)(cid:21) (cid:12) (cid:10)(cid:11) ) (cid:14)(cid:19) (cid:16) (cid:16) (cid:6) (cid:22)(cid:17)(cid:23) (cid:11) (cid:17)(cid:18) (cid:13) (cid:22)(cid:9) (cid:8)(cid:15)(cid:16) Section2.1.1dealswithnodede(cid:2)nitionand2.2.1dealswithelementde(cid:2)nition.
Time s s s s s Parametersaresometimesrequired(forexample: onthe*ELEMENToptionwhichintroducesa
Stress (cid:24)(cid:25) (N/ (cid:3)(cid:9)) (cid:26) (cid:24)(cid:25) (N/ (cid:3) (cid:3)(cid:9)) (cid:10) (cid:24)(cid:25) (cid:18)(cid:17) (cid:13)/ (cid:14)(cid:13) (cid:9) (cid:27)(cid:22)(cid:15)((cid:17)(cid:18) (cid:13)/(cid:16)(cid:15) (cid:9)) listofelementde(cid:2)nition,theparameterTYPEisrequiredtotellwhattypeofelement-solid,shell,
Energy (cid:28) (cid:3) (cid:28)((cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:29) (cid:12)J) (cid:30) (cid:28) (cid:14)(cid:13) (cid:17)(cid:18) (cid:13) (cid:15)(cid:16) (cid:17)(cid:18) (cid:13) beam,etc-isbeingde(cid:2)ned).Manyparametersareoptional.Parametersmayhavevalues.
Density (cid:10)(cid:11) (cid:8) (cid:3)(cid:12) (cid:14)(cid:19) (cid:16) (cid:16) (cid:6) (cid:8) (cid:3) (cid:3)(cid:12) (cid:14)(cid:19) (cid:16) (cid:16) (cid:6) (cid:8) (cid:3)(cid:12) (cid:22)(cid:17)(cid:23) (cid:11) (cid:8) (cid:14)(cid:13) (cid:12) lbf (cid:22)(cid:9) (cid:8)(cid:15)(cid:16) (cid:31) Example:*MATERIAL,NAME=STEEL
ThisassociatesthenameSTEELwiththematerialde(cid:2)nition.
Anylinewhichhas**inthe(cid:2)rsttwocolumnsarecommentcards.Anynumberofcommentcards
2.2 ABAQUSInput
canbeplacedanywhereinthedata(cid:2)le. Usecommentcardswithexplanationsliberallywherever
Readthroughsection1.1.2(ABAQUSUSER’smanualVolumeI)foranintroductiontotheABAQUS necessary.Whenyoulookatthesedata(cid:2)lesafterawhileitwillbeeasiertocomprehendthedata.
inputdata(cid:2)le.ThisisessentialreadingfornewusersofABAQUS. Warning:Donotuseblanklinesasasubstituteforcommentlinestomaketheinput
TheinputtotheABAQUSprogram( (cid:1)job-id (cid:2).inpor*.inp)containsmodeldataandhistorydata. data(cid:2)lemorereadable.Avoidblanklineswhichcouldleadtoerrors.
Intherestofthemanualthesecondoptionofrepresentingthejob-idwithanasterisk(*)willbe Whenexperimentingwithsomealternativessomeofthekeywordsanddatalines
adopted.Modeldatade(cid:2)nesthe(cid:2)niteelementmodel:theelements,nodes,elementproperties,ma- canbetakenoutofexecutionbyinserting**inthe(cid:2)rst2columns. Thesecanthenbe
terialde(cid:2)nition-anydatathatspeci(cid:2)esthemodelitself. Historydatade(cid:2)neswhathappenstothe re-activatedlaterbyremovingthe**.Thisiseasierthan(cid:2)rstdeletingandthenhaving
model-thesequenceofeventsorloadingsforwhichthemodel’sresponseissought. tore-entertheselinesagain.
InABAQUStheuserdividesthehistoryintoasequenceofsteps.Eachstepisaperiodofresponse Warning Figure3showsthesimpleexampleproblembeinganalysed. Figure4showsthe
ofaparticulartype-astaticloading,adynamicresponse,asoilsconsolidationtransientetc. The (cid:2)niteelementmeshusedfortheanalysis.Eachelementisa4-nodedquadrilateral.
de(cid:2)nitionofastepincludestheproceduretype(staticstressanalysis,transientheattransferanalysis Theplateis1metresquare.Theunitsforlengthhasbeenchosentobemetres.The
etc),controlparametersfortimeintegrationorthenonlinearsolutionprocedures,theloadingandoutput forceischosentobeinNewtons.TheYoung’smodulusisthenspeci(cid:2)edin !" #forconsistency.The
requests. densityisspeci(cid:2)edin $% "! &.
Theprocedureoptionde(cid:2)nesthetypeofanalysisthatwillbecarriedoutduringastep. Apro-
cedureoptionisrequiredforeachstep,andmustfollowimmediatelyafterthe*STEPoption. Any
mixtureofproceduresmaybeusedfromsteptostep;butonlyone procedureisallowedinanysingle 100 N
step.
*STATICisoneoftheprocedureoptionsusedfortheexamplehere.Itmeansitisastaticanalysis.
HerefollowsthelistofproceduresavailableinABAQUS(seesection6.1.1oftheUSERS’manual).
*BUCKLE
*COUPLED TEMPERATURE-DISPLACEMENT (steady state and transient)
*COUPLED THERMAL-ELECTRICAL (steady state and transient) 1 m
*DYNAMIC
*FREQUENCY
*GEOSTATIC
*HEAT TRANSFER (steady-state and transient)
*MASS DIFFUSION (steady-state and transient) Y
*MODAL DYNAMIC 1 m
*RANDOM RESPONSE
*RESPONSE SPECTRUM X
*SOILS, CONSOLIDATION
*SOILS, STEADY STATE Figure3:Acantileverexample
*STATIC
*STEADY STATE DYNAMICS The(cid:2)rstoptionisusuallytheheaderfortheanalysis:thisisgivenonthe*HEADINGoption.The
*VISCO nextlinewillbetakenastheheadingandthiswillappearoneachpageoftheprintedoutput(*.dat
*DYNAMIC, EXPLICIT (cid:2)le)whenABAQUShasrun.Itisagoodpracticetoincludealineexplainingtheunitsbeingusedfor
lengthandforceaspartoftheheading.
TheABAQUS/Explicitmoduleisrunwhentheprocedurespeci(cid:2)edisdynamic,explicit. Forall
otherprocedurestheABAQUS/Standardanalysisisrun. *HEADING
Alldatade(cid:2)nitionsinABAQUSareaccomplishedwithoptionblocks-setofdatadescribingapart SQUARE PLATE SUBJECTED TO POINT LOAD
oftheproblemde(cid:2)nition. Theuserchoosesthoseoptionsthatarerelevantforaparticularanalysis. ** Job name: cantilever Model name: Model-1
Eachoptionisintroducedbyakeywordcard.Keywordcardsbeginwitha*incolumn1,followedby ** Units : Length - m, Force - N, Stress - N/m2.
thekeyword.Example:*MATERIAL.
Thenextparameter*PREPRINTisoptional.
9 10
2 DATAPREPARATION 2.2 ABAQUSInput 2 DATAPREPARATION 2.2 ABAQUSInput
Firstnumberineachlineisthenodenumberandthisisfollowedbythexandyco-ordinates.Gaps
100 areallowedinthenodenumbering.
7 8 9 Uy The*ELEMENToptiondealswiththeelement-nodalconnectivitylist.Theelementtypeisspeci(cid:2)ed
usingtheTYPEparameter.
U
x Thechoiceofelementtypeisasimportantasanyotheraspectofa(cid:2)niteelementanalysis. The
3 4 node quadrilateralelementsthatcanbeusedinaplanestressanalysisareCPS4,CPS4I,CPS4R,CPS8and
CPS8R.HereCrepresentContinuumandPSrepresentsPlaneStress. Thisisthenfollowedbythe
5
6 numberofnodesintheelement.OptionalRwhichfollowsrepresentsReducedintegration.
4
Forillustrativepurposesthelowerorder4-nodedelementsarechosenhere. Becausebendingis
1 2 involved(seetheloadingandboundaryconditions)andbecauseoftheuseoflowerorderelementitis
bettertousetheincompatiblemodeelement.Ingeneralthehighertheorderoftheelementthemore
accuratewillbetheresultsforthesamelevelofdescretisation.
Y
1 2 3 CPS4Iisa4-nodedbilinearincompatiblemodesPlaneStresselement.
*ELEMENT, TYPE=CPS4I
X ** Element Node-1 Node-2 Node-3 Node-4
1, 1, 2, 5, 4
Figure4:FiniteElementMesh 2, 2, 3, 6, 5
Firstnumberineachlineistheelementnumberandthisisfollowedbythenodenumberslistedin
theanti-clockwisesequence.Gapsarepermittedintheelementnumbering.
*Preprint, echo=YES, model=YES, history=YES *Elset, elset=_I1, internal, generate
1, 4, 1
Bydefaultthisisomittedwhichissameasincludingitwithall3optionssettoNO.Thisisuseful
fordebuggingpurposes.Moreonthislater.
Thiscreatesanelementsetlabelled I1andtheparametergeneratecausestheelements1to4tobe
InABAQUSthe(cid:2)niteelementmodelisde(cid:2)nedasanassemblyofpartinstances. Partinstances
createdwithincrementsinelementnumberbeing1.
arethecomponentsoftheassembly.Wherepartsarede(cid:2)nedasthemastercomponents.Theinstances
Inthefollowinginputtheelementsintheelementset I1arespeci(cid:2)edtohaveSOLIDSECTION
arecopiesofthese.
withathicknessof50mms(inthedirectionnormaltothepaper)andtheyarealsoassignedtheSTEEL
Thispermitsre-useoftheparts. Ifanassemblyconsistsofsomecomponentswhichareidentical
materialpropertieswhichisde(cid:2)nedbelow:
thenthesecomponentshavetobeonlyde(cid:2)nedonceasasinglepart. Thenthereshouldbeequal
Planestressandplanestrainanalysisdealwithproblemswherethestructureissubjectedtoin
numberofinstancesofthiscomponentrepresentingeachoftheseitem.
planeloading. Inthecurrentexampleiftheloadingistransverseienormaltotheplaneoftheplate
Fortheexampleunderconsiderationtheassemblyismadeupofasinglepartwithasingleinstance
thenthisceasestobeaplanestressproblem.Itbecomesathreedimensionalproblem.Thenyouneed
ofthatpart.
touseshell(example:S4R5,S8R5)elements.
*Part, name=plate *Solid Section, elset=_I1, material=steel
*End Part
**
Thisrepresentsthepartde(cid:2)nition.Itsimplyhasthenameplatede(cid:2)ned.Itisemptyotherwise. ** thickness
0.05,
Nextcomestheassemblyde(cid:2)nition.
*Assembly, name=Assembly Thenextstatementcompletestheinstancede(cid:2)nition. Inamoregeneralproblemotherinstance
speci(cid:2)cationsfollowsthisuntilalltheinstancespeci(cid:2)cationiscomplete.
**
*Instance, name=plate-1, part=plate *End Instance
TheassemblyisgiventhenameAssemblyandthisisfollowedbytheinstancede(cid:2)nition.Herethe
Thisisthenfollowedbynodesetsandelementsetsthatmayberequiredfortheanalysis.
instanceisgivenauniquenameplate-1andthepartoptionidenti(cid:2)esthepart.Itisagoodpracticeto
nametheinstancederivedfromthepartname.Thisavoidsanyconfusion.HoweverifusingCAEthis *Nset, nset=_G4, internal, instance=plate-1, generate
willbedoneautomaticallyasisthecasewiththisexample. 1, 7, 3
The*NODEoptionbeginsthespecifyingofthenodesanditsco-ordinates. *Elset, elset=_G4, internal, instance=plate-1
1, 3
*NODE *Nset, nset=_G5, internal, instance=plate-1
** Node No. X-coord Y-coord 9,
1, 0.0, 0.
2, 0.5, 0.
11 12
2 DATAPREPARATION 2.2 ABAQUSInput 2 DATAPREPARATION 2.2 ABAQUSInput
The(cid:2)rstofthesecreatesanodesetcalled G4containingthenodes1,4and7. Thegenerate *Boundary
parametermeansthedatalineisinterpretedas _G4, PINNED
starting-nodenumber,ending-nodenumber,incrementinnodenumber **
Thesecondgroupstheelements1and3intoanelementsetcalled G4.Noticethatthesamename
canbeassignedtonodesetsandelementsets. Thereisnoambiguityherebecausetheentitiesare ThegeneralformofthedatainputconsistsoftheNodenumberornodesetlabel,Firstd.o.f.con-
different. strained,Lastd.o.f.constrained,themagnitude.
Thelastsetconsistsofthenode9anditformsthenodeset G5. Thefollowinginputrepresentsthisgeneralform.:
Theassemblyspeci(cid:2)cationiscompletedbythefollowingstatement:
*Boundary
*End Assembly **Node set, start DOF, fin DOF, value
_G4, 1, 2, 0.
Thematerialde(cid:2)nitionforthisexampleis **
*MATERIAL, NAME=STEEL HerePINNEDisashortform. Howeverbothareequivalent. Someoftheotherusefulacronyms
** areXSYMM,YSYMMENCASTRE.
*DENSITY Nexttheloadingislisted.HereCLOADstandsforConcentratedloads.Inthecardwhichfollows,
7680., G5isthenodesetwiththenode9towhichtheloadisapplied,2thedirectionordegreeoffreedom
** and-100themagnitudeinNewtons.Theminussignindicatesthattheloadisappliedinthenegative
*ELASTIC ydirection.
** Young’s Mod Poissons ratio
2.1E+11, 0.3 ** Name: pt-load Type: Concentrated force
*Cload
Herethematerialisidenti(cid:2)edbythenameSTEEL.Itisisotropic(TYPE=ISO)whichisthede- ** Node set, dir Force Magnitude
faultoption. 2.1E+11istheYoung’smodulusin (cid:4)(cid:8) (cid:3)(cid:9) and0.3isthePoissonsratio. Thedensityis _G5, 2, -100.
7680 (cid:10)(cid:11) (cid:8) (cid:3)(cid:12).Allkeywordsthatfollowthe*MATERIALoptionandintroducematerialbehaviour(like **
*ELASTIC)de(cid:2)nethepropertiesofthismaterial,untilakeywordappearsthatdoesnotde(cid:2)nematerial
properties(suchasa*STEPoptionasinthisexample). Moreincrementswillbeneededinananalysiswithmaterialnon-linearity(eg. elasto-plasticbe-
ABAQUSonlyusesthematerialpropertiesthatarerelevantforthecurrentstepandignoresthe haviour)and/orgeometricnon-linearity.ThenaddtheINC=Noption,withNreplacedbyasuitable
rest.Thematerialbehaviourde(cid:2)nitioncanthereforebeascomplexasneeded: numberofincrements,tothe*STEPstatement.
Becausetheeigenmodesunderthepre-loadingstateisrequiredthishastobetreatedasanon-linear
*EXPANSION - thermal expansion analysiswithlargedeformation.ForthatincludetheNLGEOMparametertothe*STEPline.Thenthe
geometricchangeswillbeaccountedforduringthisandsubsequentsteps.TheINCparameterde(cid:2)nes
*PLASTIC thenumberofincrementstobe100forthisexample.Incrementsisusedtosub-dividethetotalloading
inastep.Thisresultsintheloadbeingappliedinsmallincrements(fractions).
*DENSITY Forthefollowingsetting(timestepof0.01for(cid:2)rstincrement)the(cid:2)rst1%ofthetotalloadis
Thiscompletesthemodelpartofthedatainputforthisexample. Restofthedatacomprisesthe appliedduringthe(cid:2)rstincrementinthestep.Dependingontherateofconvergencetheloadfraction
historypart. isincreasedinsubsequentincrementsuntilthetotalloadinghasbeenapplied.
Theanalysisconsistsof2steps.Inthe(cid:2)rststeploadingisapplied(pre-load)andinthesecondstep IntheabsenceoftheNLGEOMparametertheproblemwillbetreatedaslinearelasticandthe
theeigenmodesandfrequenciesarecalculated. geometryisnotupdated(iethenodalcoordinatesarenotupdatedbythedisplacementsthattake
placeduringtheanalysis)andinthesecondsteptheeigenmodeswillbecalculatedbasedonthe
*Step, name=pre-load originalgeometryhencetheloadingappliedwillnothaveanyeffectonthemodeorthefrequency.
pre-loading
*Static *STEP, AMPLITUDE=RAMP, NLGEOM, INC=100
** *STATIC
** Initial Time, Step Time, Min time and Max time. 0.01, 1.0, 1.E-5, 1.0
1., 1., 1e-05, 1.
Thedataconsistsofinitialtimeincrement(0.01),totaltimestep(1.0),minimum(1.E-5)andmaxi-
....
mum(1.0)timeincrementallowed.
*End Step
*RESTART,WRITE
The*STEPoptionbeginsthestep;the*ENDSTEPoptionendsit.Amorecomplexanalysiswould
haveseveralsteps,andmightusethe*RESTARToptiontodivideuptheanalysis. Thiscreatestherestart(cid:2)le(*.res)whichisalsousedforre-startingtheanalysis.Thisrecordcanbe
ThelinewhichfollowstheStepstatementwillbedisplayedintheCAE/Viewerforthisstepand includedanywherebuthereitisincludedbeforethe(cid:2)rst*STEPrecord.
actsasalabel. Thisisspeci(cid:2)edwhentheSTEPwascreatedinCAE.Whichshowsthatmeaningful Foralargeanalysiswithmanyelementsandstepstherestart(cid:2)lecanbeverylarge(severalMBytes).
headersarepreferablethanthedefaultlabels/headers. Toreducethesizeoftherestart(cid:2)leaddthefrequencyoption.
Nexttheboundaryconditionsarelisted.Theideaisto(cid:2)xthelefthandverticalboundaryi.e.the
nodes1,4and7are(cid:2)xedinbothXandYdirectionsi.e.PINNED.Thesenodesformthenodeset G4. *RESTART,WRITE,FREQUENCY=N
13 14
2 DATAPREPARATION 2.2 ABAQUSInput 2 DATAPREPARATION 2.2 ABAQUSInput
WhereNcanbeasuitablenumberappropriatefortheno. ofincrementsusedinthatstep. For Thiswritesoutthenodaldisplacements(U)andthereactionforces(RF)tothe*.dat(printedoutput)
exampleifyouareusing100incrementsinastepthenNcanbesetto10. Theresultswillonlybe (cid:2)le.ThesettingoftheparameterNSETrestrictstheoutputtothenodesinthatset.
writtentotherestart(cid:2)leattheendofevery10thincrement.
Alternativelyifyouareonlyinterestedinrestartingtheanalysisattheendofthecurrentanalysis *NODE PRINT, FREQ=1
thenyoucanusethefollowingcommand: U, RF
*RESTART,WRITE,OVERLAY Toprintthedisplacementsandthereactionsinasingletableusetheabovecommands.
Thiswillwritetheresultsattheendofeveryincrementafterrewindingtherestart(cid:2)le. Atthe *NODE FILE, FREQ=1
U
endoftheanalysisthe*.res(cid:2)lewillcontainonlytheresultsofthelastincrement. Iftheanalysisis
RF
interruptedforsomereasonthenitwillcontaintheresultsoftheincrementwhichwascompletedjust
priortotheinterruption.Ifnecessarytheanalysiscanbecontinuedfromtheincrementwrittentothe
Thiswritesoutthenodaldisplacements(U)andthereactionforces(RF)tothe*.(cid:2)l(cid:2)leforpost
restart(cid:2)le.
processingusingPATRANorFEMGV.LatestversionofPATRAN(2003R2)canalsomakeuseofthe
ABAQUSincludesdefaultoutputrequests: theseprovidethenecessaryinformationofelement
*.odb(cid:2)le(ABAQUSoutputdatabase)forpost-processing.
variables(stress,strain,etc)andnodalvariables(displacements,reactionforces)whichareusedfor
post-processingusingtheViewermodule. **
Ingeneralusersmayrequestoutputofvariablesatlocations(nodes,elementintegrationpoints) *EL PRINT, POSITION=INTEGRATION POINT, FREQ=1, ELSET=_G4
thatareofinteresttothem. Thecompletelistofvariablenamescanbefoundinsection4.1.1ofthe S
USER’smanual(VolumeI). E
AlistofthePRESELECTvariablesforeachtypeofprocedureislistedinthetable4.1.3inthe COORD
USER’smanual(VolumeI).
Herepartofthetableforstaticandfrequencyprocedureshavebeenreproducedbelow: Thiswritesoutthestresses(S),strains(E)andco-ordinates(COORD)atintegrationpointstothe
*.dat(printedoutput)(cid:2)le. Itisalsopossibletowriteoutthestressesandstrainsaveragedatnode
ProcedureType Preselectedelement Preselectednodaland Preselectedenergy byspecifyingPOSITION=AVERAGEDATNODES.IfusingthisoptionthenomitCOORDfromthe
variable((cid:2)eld) surfacevariables variablewritten? parameterstobewritten. Similarlyinterpolatedvaluesatelementcentroidscanbeprintedusing
((cid:2)eld) (history) POSITION=CENTROIDAL.
*STATIC S,E,PE,PEEQ, U,RF,CF, yes Hereagaintheoutputisrestrictedtotheelementsintheset G4.
PEMAG CSTRESS,CDISP
*FREQUENCY U no *EL FILE, POSITION=INTEGRATION POINT, FREQ=1
S
Thisrepresentstheinformationwrittentheoutputdatabase(*.odb(cid:2)le). E
Ascanbeseenthereisnoneedtolistthepre-selectedvariables.Additionaloutputparameterscan COORD
beaddedifnecessary.ForexampleCF.Ifyouwanttoplottheforcevsdisplacementatagivennode.
Thiswritesoutthestresses(S),strains(E)andco-ordinates(COORD)atintegrationpointstothe
*Restart, write, frequency=1 *.(cid:2)l(cid:2)leforusewithuserwrittenpostprocessingprograms.ThenumbersetbytheFREQparameter
(1,inthisexample)istheoutputfrequencyintermsofincrements.
**
** FIELD OUTPUT: F-Output-1 UsetheFREQ=0optiontosuppressinformationbeingwrittentothe*.(cid:2)l(cid:2)leintheaboveexample.
Thenthedatacardsareomitted.
**
*Output, field, variable=PRESELECT Thefollowingstatementcompletesthe(cid:2)rststep:
** *End Step
** HISTORY OUTPUT: H-Output-1
** Sinceweareinterestedintheeigenmodesofthisexamplethenasecondstepasshowncanbe
*Output, history, variable=PRESELECT included:
Bydefaultnoresultsarewrittentotheresults(cid:2)le(*.res). Thiskeepsthe*.dat(cid:2)letobecompact. *Step, name=eigenmodes, perturbation
Thisisfavouringvisualisationoftheresultsintermsofgraphicalplots(contours,deformedshape, eigenmodes
graphsetc)andlessofprintingofseveraltablesofstresses,strainsanddisplacementswhicharehard *Frequency, eigensolver=Lanczos
tofathomatthebestoftime. 5, , , , ,
Howevertherearetimeswhendebuggingorcarryingspotcheckofcalculationforabenchmark .....
problemwhenprintedoutputisneeded.Forthiscasethefollowingstatementsallowsonetoprintout *END STEP
theresultsforcheckingpurposes.
The*FREQUENCYtellstheprogramthatthisstepisafrequencyanalysis(thisshouldnotbecon-
*NODE PRINT, FREQ=1, NSET=_G4 fusedwiththeFREQUENCYparameterusedintheoutputoptionswhereitreferstoincrementnum-
U bers)andthenumber5whichfollowsmeansthattheuserisonlyinterestedinthe(cid:2)rst5eigenmodes.
RF Thecompleteinputdataislistedbelow:
15 16
2 DATAPREPARATION 2.2 ABAQUSInput 2 DATAPREPARATION 2.2 ABAQUSInput
*Heading **
deformation-eigen ** STEP: pre-load
** Job name: cantiever Model name: Model-1 **
Units : Length - m, Force - N, Stress - N/m2. *Step, name=pre-load, nlgeom
*Preprint, echo=YES, model=YES, history=YES pre-loading
** *Static
** PARTS 1., 1., 1e-05, 1.
** **
*Part, name=plate ** BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
*End Part **
** ** Name: lhs-fixed Type: Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre
** ASSEMBLY *Boundary
** _G4, PINNED
*Assembly, name=Assembly **
** ** LOADS
*Instance, name=plate-1, part=plate **
*Node ** Name: pt-load Type: Concentrated force
1, 0., 0. *Cload
2, 0.5, 0. _G5, 2, -100.
3, 1., 0. **
4, 0., 0.5 ** OUTPUT REQUESTS
5, 0.5, 0.5 **
6, 1., 0.5 *Restart, write, frequency=1
7, 0., 1. **
8, 0.5, 1. ** FIELD OUTPUT: F-Output-1
9, 1., 1. **
*Element, type=CPS4I *Output, field, variable=PRESELECT
1, 1, 2, 5, 4 **
2, 2, 3, 6, 5 ** HISTORY OUTPUT: H-Output-1
3, 4, 5, 8, 7 **
4, 5, 6, 9, 8 *Output, history, variable=PRESELECT
** Region: (Section-1:Picked) **
*Elset, elset=_I1, internal, generate *NODE PRINT, FREQ=1
1, 4, 1 U
** Section: Section-1 RF
*Solid Section, elset=_I1, material=steel *NODE FILE, FREQ=1
0.05, U
*End Instance RF
*Nset, nset=_G4, internal, instance=plate-1, generate **
1, 7, 3 *EL PRINT, POSITION=INTEGRATION POINT, FREQ=1
*Elset, elset=_G4, internal, instance=plate-1 S
1, 3 E
*Nset, nset=_G5, internal, instance=plate-1 COORD
9, *EL FILE, POSITION=INTEGRATION POINT, FREQ=1
*End Assembly S
** E
** MATERIALS COORD
** *End Step
*Material, name=steel ** ----------------------------------------------------------------
*Density **
7680., ** STEP: eigenmodes
*Elastic **
2.1e+11, 0.3 *Step, name=eigenmodes, perturbation
** ---------------------------------------------------------------- eigenmodes
17 18
2 DATAPREPARATION 2.3 Exercises 2 DATAPREPARATION 2.3 Exercises
*Frequency, eigensolver=Lanczos
5, , , , ,
**
** OUTPUT REQUESTS
**
*Restart, write, frequency=1
**
** FIELD OUTPUT: F-Output-2
**
*Output, field
*Node Output
U,
*Element Output
S,
An ABAQUS model
**
*NODE PRINT, FREQ=1
U (’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’(’()’ ) )*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)*)* *
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aosrsgeaSmneeibslatyht.ieonseocftitohnem2.5o.d1eolfmtahtechAeBsAthQeUwSayUmseord’selmsaanreucarle(aVtoedluimneA1B)AfQorUaS/coCmApEl.etede(cid:2)nitionofan ((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’P((((((((’’’’’’’’PRa((((((((’’’’’’’’ore((((((((’’’’’’’’tifn(((((((( ’’’’’’’’eLt((((((((’’’’’’’’ree((((((((’’’’’’’’nv((((((((’’’’’’’’c((((((((’’’’’’’’ee((((((((’’’’’’’’l((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’P((((((((’’’’’’’’a((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((r’’’’’’’’t((((((((’’’’’’’’ ((((((((I’’’’’’’’n((((((((’’’’’’’’s((((((((’’’’’’’’t((((((((’’’’’’’’Pa((((((((’’’’’’’’on((((((((’’’’’’’’inc((((((((’’’’’’’’t((((((((’’’’’’’’e((((((((’’’’’’’’ l((((((((’’’’’’’’e((((((((’’’’’’’’v((((((((’’’’’’’’e((((((((’’’’’’’’l((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’M((((((((’’’’’’’’o((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’d((((((((’’’’’’’’e((((((((’’’’’’’’l(((((((( ’’’’’’’’L((((((((’’’’’’’’e((((((((’’’’’’’’v((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’e((((((((’’’’’’’’l((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’((((((((’’’’’’’’(((((((())))))))’’’’’’’’ )))))))) ))))))))********H))))))))********))))))))********is))))))))********))))))))t********o))))))))********r))))))))********y))))))))******** ))))))))********d))))))))********a))))))))********t))))))))********a))))))))********))))))))********))))))))********))))))))********))))))))********))))))))******** ********
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2.3 Exercises ((((’’’’((((’’’’M((((’’’’((((’’’’o((((’’’’d((((’’’’e((((’’’’l((((’’’’ d((((’’’’((((’’’’a((((’’’’t((((a’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’A((((’’’’s((((’’’’((((’’’’s((((’’’’e((((’’’’m((((’’’’((((’’’’b((((’’’’ly((((’’’’(((( ’’’’L((((’’’’e((((’’’’v((((’’’’((((’’’’e((((’’’’l((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’((((’’’’
2.3.1 Exercise1
Figure5:Modelde(cid:2)nedintermsofanassemblyofpartinstance
Whatarethechangesyouneedtomaketotheaboveinput(cid:2)leiftheloadingistransverseienormalto
theplateinthezdirection?
2.3.2 Exercise2
Reruntheaboveexampleasanon-linearanalysiswithahigherloadandseetheeffectithasonthe
frequenciesinthesecondstep.
Makethefollowingchanges.
*STEP, AMPLITUDE=RAMP, NLGEOM, INC=100
*STATIC
0.01, 1.0, 1.E-5, 1.0
**
19 20