Runic and Mediterranean Epigraphy

190 Pages·1988·8.12 MB·English

by  Richard L. Morris

NORTH-WESTERN EUROPEAN
LANGUAGE EVOLUTION
Supplement vol. 4
North-Western European Language Evolution (NOWELE) i s a scholarly journal
which publishes articles dealing with all aspects of the (pre-)histories of - and with
intra- and extralinguistic factors contributing to change and variation within - Ice-
landic, Faroese, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Frisian, Dutch, German, English,
Gothic and the early Runic language. NOWELE i s edited by Erik W. Hansen &
Hans F. Nielsen (Odense University) in collaboration with an international Editorial
and Advisory Board.
Richard L. Morris
RUNICAND
MEDITERRANEAN
EPIGRAPHY
ODENSE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the following people and organizations whose help and support
played a major role in the writing and production of Runic and Mediterranean
Epigraphy. At the head of the list stands Professor Elmer Antonsen of the University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who more than anyone has given generously of his
time and knowledge in discussing all aspects of my work. I would also like to thank
Marie Stoklund, Director of the Runic-Epigraphic Laboratory at the National
Museum in Copenhagen, for facilitating my access to inscriptions in the Museum's
collections and for fruitful discussions. Others to whom I am indebted are Professors
Marianne Kalinke of the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures and
Ladislav Zgusta of the Department of Classics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign for their support and advice.
Among the organizations I would like to thank are the American-Scandinavian
Foundation in New York for awarding me the Henrik Kauffmann Fund Grant in
1984 which enabled me to travel to Copenhagen, examine inscriptions in the National
Museum, and to use the Wimmer Collection at the Royal Library.
My thanks also to the following publishers and journals for permitting me to re-
produce the following tables and illustrations: Arkivförnordiskfilologi for Otto von
Friesen's summary of alphabet derivations (Table 1), Oxford University Press for
Lillian Jeffery's table of archaic Greek letter forms (Table 2), Egbert Forsten Publish-
ing for John Sandys's table of archaic Latin letters (Table 4), Manchester University
Press for Ralph Elliott's table of attested medieval rune-names, to the Istituto Poli-
grafico e Zecca dello Stato for Margherita Guarducci's illustrations of Greek in-
scriptions (figs. 4, 5, 6, 7), and to the Deutsches Archáologisches Institut for Ernst
Zinn's illustrations of writing directions (figs. 8, 9,10,11,12).
Lastly my thanks go to Dr. Hans F. Nielsen of Odense Universitet for his assistance
in the preparation and publication of Runic and Mediterranean Epigraphy.
Richard L. Morris
isbn 978 87 7492 683 2 (Pb ; alk. paper)
isbn 978 90 272 7291 1 (Eb)
© Richard L. Morris &
© 20N12o –rt hJo-Whne sBteenrnja Emuinros pBe.aVn. Language Evolution 1988
PublPisrhiendte d19 i8n8 D beyn Omdarekn sbey U Nnairvaeyrsaintya PPrreessss, Gylling
No pOardte onfs et hUisn ibvoeorski tmy aPyr ebses r1e9p8r8o duced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any
otherI SmSeNa n0s9, 0w0it-h8o6u7t5 w ritten permission from the publisher.
ISBN 87 7492 683 7
John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands
John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa
CONTENTS
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xi i
0. Introductio n 1
0.1. On alphabet borrowing 2
0.2. Exclusion of the Etruscan alphabet 6
0.3. Goals 7
1. Surve y of Theories on the Origin of Runes 9
1.0. Introduction 9
1.1. The Latin theory: Ludvig Wimmer 1 0
1.1.1. Wimmer' s derivation 1 1
1.1.1.1. Runi c 1 1
1.1.1.2. Runi c 1 2
1.1.1.3. Runi c 1 2
1.1.1.4. Runi c 1 2
1.1.1.5. Runi c 12
1.1.1.6. Runi c 1 3
1.1.1.7. Runi c 1 3
1.1.1.8. Runi c 1 3
1.1.1.9. Runi c 1 4
1.1.1.10. Runi c 1 4
1.1.1.11. Runi c 1 4
1.1.2. Wimmer : Direction of writing 1 4
1.1.3. Wimmer : Bindrunes 1 7
1.1.4. Wimmer : Interpunction 1 7
1.1.5. Wimmer : Rune-names and order of the runes 1 9
1.2. Th e Greek theory: Sophus Bugge 2 0
v
Contents
1.2.1. Bugge' s derivation 2 1
1.2.1.1. Runi c 2 1
1.2.1.2. Runi c 2 2
1.2.1.3. Runi c 2 2
1.2.1.4. Runi c 2 2
1.2.1.5. Runi c 2 2
1.2.1.6. Runi c X 22
1.2.1.7. Runi c 2 3
1.2.1.8. Runi c M 2 3
1.2.1.9. Runi c P 2 3
1.2.2. Bugge : Directionof writing 2 3
1.2.3. Bugge : Bindrunes 2 5
1.2.4. Bugge : Inteipunction 2 5
1.3. Th e Greek theory: Otto von Friesen 2 6
1.3.1. Vo n Friesen's derivation 2 8
1.3.1.1. Runi c 2 8
1.3.1.2. Runi c 2 8
1.3.1.3. Runi c 2 8
1.3.1.4. Runi c 2 9
1.3.1.5. Runi c 3 0
1.3.1.6. Runi c 3 1
1.3.1.7. Runi c 3 1
1.3.1.8. Runi c 3 1
1.3.2. Vo n Friesen: Direction of writing 3 1
1.3.3. Vo n Friesen: Bindrunes 3 2
1.3.4. Vo n Friesen: Interpunction 3 3
1.4. Th e North Italic theory: Carl J.S. Marstrander 3 3
1.4.1. Marstrander' s derivation 3 5
1.4.1.1. Runi c 3 6
1.4.1.2. Runi c 3 6
1.4.1.3. Runi c 37
1.4.1.4. Runi c 3 7
1.4.1.5. Runi c 3 7
1.4.1.6. Runi c 3 7
vi
Contents
1.4.1.7. Runi c Y 3 7
1.4.1.8. Runi c \ 3 7
1.5.1. Th e North Italic theory:
Magnus Hammarström's derivation 3 8
1.5.2. Hammarström : Direction of writing
and epigraphic practices 3 9
1.6. Othe r theories 4 0
1.6.1. Th e Latin theory revisited:
Holger Pedersen 4 0
1.6.2. Th e Latin theory displaced:
Fritz Askeberg 4 2
1.6.3. Th e Danesdidit: Erik Moltke 4 3
1.6.4. Th e Greek theory reevaluated:
Isaac Taylor and George Hempl 4 5
1.6.5. Periculu m runicum: Aage Kabell 4 6
1.7. Summar y and remarks 4 7
2. Gree k Epigraphy 5 5
2.0. Introductio n 5 5
2.1. Th e Greek alphabet: Background 5 5
2.2. Gree k abecedaria ftom the archaic period 5 9
2.2.1. Th e writing tablet from Marsiliana d'Albegna 5 9
2.2.2. Th e Samian cup 6 1
2.2.3. Metapontin e stamnos 6 1
2.2.4. Boiotia n cup 6 1
2.3. Th e letters of the Greek alphabet and their values 6 5
2.4. Orthographi c treatment of nasals 6 8
2.5. Directio n of writing 6 9
2.6. Ligature s 7 4
2.7. Interpunctio n 7 5
2.8. Preparatio n and layout of the text 7 6
2.9. Epigraphi c materials 7 8
2.10. Types of inscriptions 7 9
2.10.1. Dedication s 7 9
vii
Contents
2.10.1. Dedications 7 9
2.10.2. Honorary inscriptions 8 0
2.10.3. Funerary inscriptions 8 0
2.10.4. Miscellaneous 8 1
2.11. Summary 8 1
3. Lati n Epigraphy 8 3
3.1. Th e Latin alphabet: Background 8 3
3.2. Th e origin of the Latin alphabet: Greek or Etruscan? 8 4
3.3. Lati n letter forms 8 6
3.4. Lati n inscriptions 8 9
3.4.1. Beake r inscription 8 9
3.4.2. Th e Forum cippus 9 0
3.4.3. Dueno s inscription 9 0
3.5. Th e Latin letters and their values 9 0
3.6. Lati n orthographic practices 9 5
3.6.1. Treatmen t of nasals 9 5
3.6.2. Doublin g of letters to indicate length 9 7
3.6.3. Specia l letters and diacritics 9 7
3.6.4. Singl e consonants standing for entire syllables 9 8
3.7. Directio n of writing 9 9
3.8. Ligature s 9 9
3.9. Abbreviation s 10 0
3.10. Interpunction 10 0
3.11. Preparation and layout of the text; epigraphic materials 10 1
3.12. Types of inscriptions 10 2
3.12.1. Dedications 10 2
3.12.2. Honorary inscriptions 10 3
3.12.3. Funerary inscriptions 10 3
3.12.4. Miscellaneous 10 4
3.13. Summary 10 4
4.Runic Epigraphy 10 7
4.0. Introductio n 10 7
viii
Contents
4.1. Th e older runic alphabet 10 7
4.2. Th e forms of the runes 10 9
4.2.1. Runi c 11 4
4.2.2. Runi c 11 4
4.2.3. Runi c 11 6
4.2.4. Runi c 11 6
4.2.5. Runi c 11 6
4.2.6. Runi c < 11 7
4.2.7. Runi c X 118
4.2.8. Runi c P 11 8
4.2.9. Runi c H 11 8
4.2.10. Runic t 11 8
4.2.11. Runic | 11 8
4.2.12. Runic 11 8
4.2.13. Runic 11 8
4.2.14. Runic 11 9
4.2.15. Runic U 9
4.2.16. Runic 11 9
4.2.17. Runic 12 0
4.2.18. Runic 12 0
4.2.19. Runic M 12 0
4.2.20. Runic 12 0
4.2.21. Runic 12 0
4.2.22. Runic 12 0
4.2.23. Runic 12 1
4.2.24. Runic 12 1
4.3. Th e runes and their values 12 2
4.4. Orthographi c practices 12 5
4.4.1. Nonrepresentatio n of nasals 12 5
4.4.2. Doubl é letters 12 7
4.5. Bindrune s 12 9
4.6. Directio n of writing 13 1
4.7. Interpunctio n 13 7
4.8. Rune-name s 13 9
ix