Table Of Contenti
ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK ON
MIDDLE EAST SECURITY
Routledge Handbook on Middle East Security provides the first comprehensive look at Middle East
security issues that includes both traditional and emerging security threats.
Taking a broad perspective on security, the volume offers both analysis grounded in the ‘hard’
military and state security discourse but also delves into the ‘soft’ aspects of security employing
a human security perspective. As such the volume addresses imminent challenges to security,
such as the ones relating directly to the war in Syria, but also the long-t erm challenges. The
traditional security problems, which are deep- seated, are at risk of being exacerbated also by a
lack of focus on emerging vulnerabilities in the region. While taking as a point of departure the
prevalent security discourse, the volume also goes beyond the traditional focus on military or
state security and considers non-t raditional security challenges.
This book provides a state- of- the- art review of research on the key challenges for security in
the Middle East; it will be a key resource for students and scholars interested in Security Studies,
International Relations, Political Science and Middle Eastern Studies.
Anders Jägerskog (PhD) is Senior Water Resources Management Specialist at the Global Water
Practice at the World Bank. His work focuses mainly on the Middle East and North Africa
region. He is also Associate Professor (Docent) in Peace and Development Research, School of
Global Studies, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. He is frequently consulted in national and
international media on global water, conflict and security issues in the Africa and MENA region.
Michael Schulz (PhD) is Associate Professor in Peace and Development Research, University of
Gothenburg, Sweden. He has published over 100 scientific articles, book chapters, debate articles
and reports, and in particular extensively on issues in the Middle East and North Africa region,
dealing with security, civil resistance, democracy and state building, conflicts, and regionalism.
Ashok Swain is a Professor of Peace and Conflict Research, UNESCO Chair of International
Water Cooperation, and the Director of the Research School of International Water
Cooperation at Uppsala University, Sweden. He received his PhD from the Jawaharlal Nehru
University, New Delhi in 1991, and since then he has been teaching at Uppsala University. He
has written extensively on new security challenges, water sharing issues, environment, conflict
and peace, and democratic development issues.
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ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK ON
MIDDLE EAST SECURITY
Edited by Anders Jägerskog,
Michael Schulz and Ashok Swain
iv
First published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 selection and editorial matter, Anders Jägerskog, Michael Schulz and
Ashok Swain, individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Anders Jägerskog, Michael Schulz and Ashok Swain to be identified as the authors
of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Jägerskog, Anders, editor. | Schulz, Michael, 1960– editor. | Swain, Ashok, editor.
Title: Routledge handbook on Middle East security / [edited by]
Anders Jägerskog, Michael Schulz and Ashok Swain.
Other titles: Handbook on Middle East security
Description: Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018048135 (print) | LCCN 2018051153 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781315180113 (Ebook) | ISBN 9781351718370 (Adobe Reader) |
ISBN 9781351718363 (Epub) | ISBN 9781351718356 (Mobipocket) |
ISBN 9781138749894 | ISBN 9781138749894(hardback) |
ISBN 9781315180113(ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: National security–Middle East. |
Middle East–Politics and government–21st century. | Middle East–Foreign
relations–21st century. | Human security–Middle East.
Classification: LCC UA832 (ebook) | LCC UA832 .R68 2019 (print) |
DDC 355/.033056–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018048135
ISBN: 978-1 - 138- 74989- 4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1 - 315- 18011- 3 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by Newgen Publishing UK
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CONTENTS
List of figures xii
List of tables xiii
Notes on contributors xiv
PART I
Global contemporary security trends and the Middle East 1
1 Perspectives on Middle East security: An introduction 3
Anders Jägerskog, Michael Schulz and Ashok Swain
The absence of security in the Middle East 3
Previous research on Middle East security 4
Brief history of the Middle East security context 5
New and emerging security threats in the Middle East 8
The Middle East and regional security complex theory 9
Structure of the book 11
References 14
2 Shifts in the global political and economic landscape and consequences
for the Middle East and North Africa 16
Alexander Atarodi
Global trends 16
The Middle East and North Africa 19
Global power shift and implications for the region 23
Final words 29
References 31
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Contents
3 Conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa: An attempt
at reframing 33
Joost R. Hiltermann
Introduction: Writing about conflict in MENA 33
Of lineages and earthquakes 34
Cluster I: The post- Ottoman order/d isorder 35
Cluster II: The Arab–I sraeli conflict 36
Cluster III: The 1979 Islamic Revolution: The rise of Shia Iran 38
Cluster IV: The 1979 siege of Mecca: Sunni radicalization 39
Cluster V: The 2011 Arab uprisings 40
External intervention as compounding factor 41
Intersecting trajectories 45
What does it all mean? 47
An afterthought 48
Appendix: An attempt at a typology of MENA conflicts of the
past 50 years 48
References 50
4 US Middle East policy 53
Stephen Zunes
The evolution of US policy 53
Subsequent events 56
Nuclear non-p roliferation 60
Israel 62
Conclusion 64
References 64
5 External intervention in the Gulf 66
Matteo Legrenzi and Fred H. Lawson
Introduction 66
Emergence of US dominance in the Gulf 66
Zenith of US predominance 68
Deterioration of US predominance 72
External rivals gain strength in the Gulf 75
Conclusion 77
References 77
6 The security implications of the Israeli–P alestinian conflict 80
Michael Schulz
The Israeli– Palestinian conflict 80
Brief historical overview of changing conflict dynamics 81
The Israeli– Palestinian security complex 82
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Contents
Personal and State security implications of the IPSC 84
The security implications for sub-c omplexes of the IPSC 86
The IPSC’s security implications for the Middle East 90
The global IPSC security implications 92
Conclusion 93
References 93
7 The future of Iraq’s security 96
Ibrahim Al-M arashi
Introduction 96
Conceptualizing Iraq’s security 97
Iraq’s hard security dilemmas 97
Dealing with ISIS remnants 100
Human security dilemmas 102
Conclusion 108
References 108
8 Security and Syria: From “the security state” to the source of
multiple insecurities 111
Philippe Droz- Vincent
Introduction 111
Syria as the archetypical insecure state in the Middle East 112
The 2011 uprising and the crushing of the demand for human security 118
Syria as a new regional and international security problem: A return
to the classical security ritual? 123
References 125
9 Humanitarian aid to a Middle East in crisis 127
Roger Hearn
Introduction 127
Aid and conflict 128
A brief history of humanitarian assistance in the Middle East 129
The Syria crisis 130
Facing the future: Aid and conflict in the Middle East 135
References 138
10 Peacebuilding in the Middle East 141
Karin Aggestam and Lisa Strömbom
Introduction 141
Peacebuilding in theory and practice 142
Security sector reform in Tunisia 145
Environmental peacebuilding in Israel–P alestine 146
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Contents
Women and institution building in Iraq 148
Youth and peacebuilding in Lebanon 149
Conclusion 150
References 151
PART II
Energy, resource issues and climate change as security issues in the
Middle East 155
11 The water- energy- food nexus in the MENA region: Securities
of the future 157
Martin Keulertz and Tony Allan
Introduction 157
The water security challenge in the MENA region 157
The “big water” challenge 158
The “small water” supply chain 159
The “big water” supply chain 160
Farmers and “big water”/ “food- water” 160
Population growth in the food bowls: Another key risk factor to
“big water” 160
A sober look at the agricultural potential of the MENA region 161
“Big water”/“food water” security threats 161
Alternatives to managing the “big water” supply chain 164
Lessons from the WEF nexus: Pursuing what is possible 164
Conclusions 165
References 166
12 The multidimensional aspect of water security in the Middle East
and North Africa 168
Neda A. Zawahri
Introduction 168
Water scarcity 168
Transboundary water 170
Multidimensional water security 171
Building adaptive capacity 177
References 179
13 Food security in the Middle East 182
Hussein A. Amery
Introduction and overview 182
Eating more meat 185
Political stability and food security 186
Food refugees 190
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Contents
Transnational threats to food security 191
Water mismanagement as a threat to food security 192
Foreign agricultural investments 193
Less food waste, fewer food imports 194
Conclusion 195
References 196
14 Climate- related security risks in the Middle East 199
Dan Smith and Florian Krampe
Introduction 199
The Middle East region 200
Egypt: The transnational dimensions of climate-r elated security risks 201
Syria: The politics of climate- related security risks 203
Yemen: Tomorrow today? 205
Conclusion 207
References 208
15 The Nile and the Middle East: Interlinkages between two regional
security complexes and their hydropolitical dynamics 211
Ana Elisa Cascão, Rawia Tawfik and Mark Zeitoun
Introduction 211
Theoretical framework 212
Recent hydropolitical developments in the Nile Basin 214
Role of external partners in the Nile hydropolitical dynamics 216
2007/ 2008: Gulf countries in search of new land 218
Turkey as a strategic partner in the Nile Basin 222
Importance of Red Sea dynamics in the Nile hydropolitics 225
Conclusion 229
References 230
16 Water and security in the Middle East: Opportunities and
challenges for water diplomacy 234
Martina Klimes and Elizabeth A. Yaari
Introduction 234
Water, security and water diplomacy 235
Multi- track water diplomacy 236
Water diplomacy entry points: Lower Jordan River and Euphrates
and Tigris 239
Linking the tracks: Prevailing challenges and emerging opportunities
for water diplomacy 243
Conclusion 247
Acknowledgments 247
References 248
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