Table Of ContentROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK
OF THE HORN OF AFRICA
The Routledge Handbook of the Horn of Africa provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary
survey of contemporary research related to the Horn of Africa.
Situated at the junction of the Sahel-Saharan strip and the Arabian Peninsula, the Horn
of Africa is growing in global importance due to demographic growth and the strategic
importance of the Suez Canal. Divided into sections on authoritarianism and resistance,
religion and politics, migration, economic integration, the military, and regimes and libera-
tion, the contributors provide up-to-date, authoritative knowledge on the region in light of
contemporary strategic concerns. The handbook investigates how political, economic, and
security innovations have been implemented, sometimes with violence, by use of force or by
negotiation – including ‘ethnic federalism’ in Ethiopia, independence in Eritrea and South
Sudan, integration of the traditional authorities in the (neo)patrimonial administrations,
Somalian Islamic Courts, the Sudanese Islamist regime, people’s movements, multilateral
operations, and the construction of an architecture for regional peace and security.
Accessibly written, this handbook is an essential read for scholars, students, and policy
professionals interested in the contemporary politics in the Horn of Africa.
Jean-Nicolas Bach holds a PhD in Political Science and is affiliated at Sciences Po Bordeaux,
Les Afriques dans le Monde, France.
Jon Abbink is a social anthropologist-historian and professor of Politics and Governance in
Africa at the African Studies Centre, University of Leiden, the Netherlands.
Stéphane Ancel is a full-time researcher in the French Center for National Research
(CNRS) in Paris, France (CéSor-EHESS).
Azza Ahmed Abdel Aziz holds a PhD in Social Anthropology, School of Oriental and
African Studies, University of London, UK.
Emanuele Fantini is a senior lecturer and researcher at IHE Delft Institute for Water
Education, the Netherlands.
Patrick Ferras holds a PhD in Geopolitics in the French Institute of Geopolitics from the
University of Paris 8, France (French Institute of Geopolitics).
Hassan Mwakimako is Associate Professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies at Pwani
University, Kilifi, Kenya.
Clélie Nallet is a former Research Fellow for the African Studies Center at the French In-
stitute of International Relations, France.
Aleksi Ylönen conducts research for the Center for International Studies (CEI-IUL) at
Iscte-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Portugal.
Jan Záhořík has been a lecturer in the Department of Middle Eastern Studies since 2010 at
the University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Czech Republic.
ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK
OF THE HORN OF AFRICA
Edited by Jean-Nicolas Bach
with Jon Abbink, Stéphane Ancel, Azza Ahmed
Abdel Aziz, Emanuele Fantini, Patrick Ferras,
Hassan Mwakimako, Clélie Nallet, Aleksi Ylönen,
and Jan Záhořík
Cover image: © Shutterstock
First published 2022
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2022 selection and editorial matter, Jean-Nicolas Bach; individual
chapters, the contributors
The right of Jean-Nicolas Bach to be identified as the author of the
editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has
been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bach, Jean-Nicolas, editor.
Title: Routledge handbook of the Horn of Africa /
edited by Jean-Nicolas Bach.
Description: New York: Routledge, 2022. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021039125 (print) | LCCN 2021039126 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781138353992 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032149622 (paperback) |
ISBN 9780429426957 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Horn of Africa—History. | Horn of Africa—Politics
and government. | Horn of Africa—Economic conditions.
Classification: LCC DT367.5.R68 2022 (print) |
LCC DT367.5 (ebook) | DDC 963—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021039125
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021039126
ISBN: 978-1-138-35399-2 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-14962-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-42695-7 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9780429426957
Typeset in Bembo
by codeMantra
For Jone Martínez-Palacios
CONTENTS
List of figures xiii
List of tables xiv
List of boxes xv
List of maps xvi
Acknowledgements xvii
The editors xix
The contributors xxi
1 General introduction 1
Jean-Nicolas Bach
PART 1
Liberation movements, separatism, and state formation: introduction 7
Aleksi Ylönen and Jean-Nicolas Bach
2 Understanding the Oromo movements: from the Macha Tulama
Association to the ‘Oromo Protests’ 11
Jan Záhořík
3 The Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) and the dilemma
of liberation 21
Aleksi Ylönen
4 Eritrea: self-reliance, militarisation, and diaspora 32
Tanja R. Müller
5 The Sudan people’s liberation movement/army: between separation
and unity 43
Samson S. Wassara
vii
Contents
6 South Sudan after secession: the failure as a new state and the
outbreak of war since 2013 55
Leben Nelson Moro
7 Sudan’s challenge in remaining a cohesive nation and state: the
enactment of violent and authoritarian modalities of governance 64
Azza Ahmed Abdel Aziz and Jean-Nicolas Bach
8 Somalia: in search of national unity 79
Abdurahman Abdullahi (Baadiyow)
9 The Somali National Movement: engineering self-determination of
Somaliland 89
Fatuma Ahmed Ali
10 Somaliland’s struggle for recognition since 1991: external actors
and dynamics 98
Nasir M. Ali and Aleksi Ylönen
PART 2
Armed people, conflicts, and international interventions:
introduction 111
Patrick Ferras and Jean-Nicolas Bach
11 African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA): If you want ‘to
silence the guns’ by 2063, first kill the ‘white elephant’ 116
Patrick Klaousen
12 The military equation in the Horn of Africa 128
Patrick Ferras
13 The Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula: the interplay between
domestic, regional, and global dynamics in the rapprochement
between Ethiopia and Eritrea 139
Alexandra M. Dias
14 Turkey’s soft power experiments and dilemmas in Somalia 151
Jędrzej Czerep
15 Ugandan interference in South Sudan 161
Julie Saché-Humblot
16 South Sudan: war, peace processes, and regional economic integration 171
Cedric Barnes
viii
Contents
17 Military livelihoods and the political economy in South Sudan 179
Nicki Kindersley
18 Embedded uniforms: the war in Darfur, Militias, Paramilitaries,
and the rise of The Rapid Support Forces 189
Hassan Elhag Ali Ahmed
19 The Ethiopian National Defence Forces since 1991 204
Patrick Ferras
20 Recruitment strategies for Al-Shabaab in Kenya 212
Fathima Azmiya Badurdeen
21 ‘What is happening now is not raiding, it’s war’: the growing
politicisation and militarisation of cattle-raiding among the
Western Nuer and Murle during South Sudan’s civil wars 224
Diana Felix da Costa, Naomi Pendle, and Jérôme Tubiana
22 The war in Tigray (2020–2021): dictated truths, irredentism
and déjà-vu 239
Mehdi Labzaé
PART 3
Authoritarianism, innovative regimes, and forms of resistance 251
Jon Abbink
23 Ruling over diversity: federalism and devolution in
Ethiopia and Kenya 255
Chloé Josse-Durand and Alexander Meckelburg
24 State power and citizen agency: reframing the power narrative
in state-society relations in Ethiopia 269
Hone Mandefro and Logan Cochrane
25 Being a de facto state is not enough: Somaliland’s innovative regime 280
Markus Virgil Hoehne
26 The politics of state-building: regime restructuring in Mogadishu 293
Faduma Abukar Mursal
27 The looming spectre: a history of the ‘state of emergency’ in
Ethiopia, 1970s–2021 302
Jon Abbink
ix
