Table Of ContentROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF
COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE
MEDICINE
The provision and use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been growing globally over
the last 40 years. As CAM develops alongside – and sometimes integrates with – conventional medicine,
this handbook provides the first major overview of its regulation and professionalization from social science
and legal perspectives.
The Routledge Handbook of Complementary and Alternative Medicine draws on historical and international
comparative research to provide a rigorous and thematic examination of the field. It argues that many
popular and policy debates are stuck in a polarized and largely asocial discourse, and that interdisciplinary
social science perspectives, theorizing diversity in the field, provide a much more robust evidence base for
policy and practice. Divided into four sections, the handbook covers:
• multi-disciplinary frameworks for analysis
• power, professions and health spaces
• risk and regulation
• critical perspectives on knowledge in CAM.
This volume will interest social science and legal scholars researching complementary and alternative medi-
cine, professional identity and health care regulation, as well as historians and health policymakers and
regulators.
Nicola K. Gale is a health sociologist based at the Health Services Management Centre at the University of
Birmingham, UK. She started her career at the University of Warwick, where her PhD was a comparative
ethnographic study of training colleges for homeopaths and osteopaths in the UK. Since then, she has
developed a portfolio of research in the fields of health services research, public health, primary care,
community- led health care and complementary and alternative health care. She is committed to theoretically
informed empirical work that helps better understand, involve and meet the needs of a diverse population.
Methodologically, she specializes in place- based and embodied qualitative methods, user involvement in
health care and research, and public engagement in social sciences. Her research has been published in journals
such as Sociology of Health and Illness, Health and Place, Implementation Science, Medical Research Methodology,
Family Practice and Complementary Therapies in Medicine.
Jean V. McHale is Professor of Healthcare Law and Director of the Centre for Health Law Science and
Policy at Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham, UK. Her books include Medical Confiden-
tiality and Legal Privilege (1993), Health Law and the European Union (2004, with Hervey) and Health Care
Law Text and Materials (2nd edn, 2007, with Fox); edited collections include Principles of Medical Law (2010,
with Grubb and Laing). Her new monograph, European Health Law, with Tamara Hervey, will be pub-
lished in 2015.
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ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF
COMPLEMENTARY AND
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
Perspectives from social science and law
Edited by Nicola K. Gale and Jean V. McHale
First published 2015
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2015 Nicola K. Gale and Jean V. McHale
The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial matter, and of the
authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77
and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to
infringe.
British Library Cataloguing- in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Routledge handbook of complementary and alternative medicine: perspectives from
social science and law / edited by Nicola Gale and Jean McHale.
p. ; cm.
Handbook of complementary and alternative medicine
Includes bibliographical references and index.
I. Gale, Nicola, editor. II. McHale, Jean V. (Jean Vanessa), 1965- , editor. III. Title:
Handbook of complementary and alternative medicine.
[DNLM: 1. Complementary Therapies. 2. Delivery of Health Care. 3. Internationality.
4. Medicine, Traditional. 5. Risk Management. WB 890]
R733
615.5–dc23
2014035996
ISBN: 978-0-415-81894-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-57857-5 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear
CONTENTS
List of figures viii
List of tables ix
Contributors x
Acknowledgements xvi
Introduction: understanding CAM in the twenty- first century – the
importance and challenge of multi- disciplinary perspectives 1
Nicola K. Gale and Jean V. McHale
Part 1
Disciplinary frameworks, law, sociology and history 11
1 Limits and liberties: CAM, regulation and the medical consumer in
historical perspective 13
Roberta Bivins
2 Power and professionalisation in CAM: a sociological approach 30
Mike Saks
3 Legal frameworks, professional regulation and CAM practice in England:
is CAM “the special one”? 41
Jean V. McHale
Part 2
Power, professions and health spaces 61
4 Developing naturopathy in interwar Britain 63
Jane Adams
v
Contents
5 Practising Ayurveda in the UK: simplification, modification, hyphenation
and hybridisation 74
Romila Santosh
6 Shamanism and safety: ancient practices and modern issues 87
Alexander Alich
7 The ‘knowledgeable doer’: nurse and midwife integration of
complementary and alternative medicine in NHS hospitals 98
Sarah Cant and Peter Watts
8 The nexus between the social and the medical: how can we understand the
proliferation of complementary and alternative medicine for enhancing
fertility and treating infertility? 110
Karen Willis and Jo- Anne Rayner
Part 3
risk and regulation: CaM products, practitioners and the state 127
9 Making CAM auditable: technologies of assurance in CAM practice today 129
Ayo Wahlberg
10 The harm principle and liability for CAM practice: a comparative analysis
of Canadian and United States health freedom laws 144
Irehobhude O. Iyioha
11 Risk and regulation: CAM products, practitioners and the state –
perspectives on ‘risk’ and ‘protection of the public’ in the Australian media 159
Monique Lewis
12 Traditional medicine and the law in Kenya 180
John Harrington
13 Regulation of complementary medicines in Australia: influences and policy
drivers 202
Michael Dodson
14 Intuitive spiritual medicine: negotiating incommensurability 225
Ruth Barcan
15 Traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture practitioners and the
Canadian health care system: the role of the state in creating the necessary
vacancies 246
Sandy Welsh and Heather Boon
vi
Contents
16 Aspirations, integration and the politics of regulation in the UK, past and
future 255
Julie Stone
Part 4
Critical perspectives on knowledge in CaM 269
17 CAM and conventional medicine in Switzerland: divided in theory, united
in practice 271
Hélène Martin and Jérôme Debons
18 Patient choice and professional regulation: how patients choose CAM
practitioners 292
Felicity L. Bishop
19 (Re)articulating identities through learning space: training for massage and
reflexology 308
Emma Wainwright and Elodie Marandet
20 Research, evidence and clinical practice in homeopathy 321
Morag Heirs
21 Towards a learning profession? Adapting clinical governance for
complementary and alternative medicine 341
Jane Wilkinson and Nicola K. Gale
22 The relationship between the advancement of CAM knowledge and the
regulation of biomedical research 355
Marie- Andrée Jacob
Concluding chapter 374
Jean V. McHale and Nicola K. Gale
Index 382
vii
FIGURES
1.1 ‘The Cold Water Cure’, The Penny Satirist (London, England), Issue 267
(Saturday, 28 May 1842) 14
9.1 Routes to accreditation and registration 140
11.1 Longitudinal frequency of news articles about herbal medicine from January
2005 to end of April 2010 167
11.2 Frequency of main source for all news articles (latent analysis) 172
13.1 Quality use of medicines within the National Medicines Policy 209
20.1 Research, evidence- based practice and homeopaths 330
20.2 Cooksey’s “gaps in translation” in healthcare research 335
viii
TABLES
6.1 Professional and safety issues in the practice of shamanism in pluralistic Western
societies 96
11.1 Individual items most frequently mentioned in news articles, 2005–2010 168
11.2 Frequency of news frames 168
11.3 Sources with highest proportion of risk frames 172
17.1 Summary of persons interviewed 275
18.1 Participants in the studies 298
18.2 Themes identified in the qualitative analyses 299
20.1 Documentary evidence sources 327
20.2 Participant observation settings 329
21.1 Examples of types of errors relating to CAM 343
21.2 Five stages in developing a culture of safety 344
21.3 Examples of CG activities relevant to individuals and CAM professions 350
ix
Description:The provision and use of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been growing globally over the last 40 years. As CAM develops alongside - and sometimes integrates with - conventional medicine, this handbook provides the first major overview of its regulation and professional
