Table Of ContentROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF
COMMUNITY FORESTRY
This handbook provides a comprehensive overview and cutting-edge assessment of community
forestry.
Containing contributions from academics, practitioners, and professionals, the Routledge
Handbook of Community Forestry presents a truly global overview with case studies drawn from
across Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. The Handbook begins with an overview of the
chapters and a discussion of the concept of community forestry and the key issues. Topics as
wide-ranging as Indigenous forestry, conservation and ecosystem management, relationships
with industrial forestry, trade and supply systems, land tenure and land grabbing, and climate
change are addressed. The Handbook also focuses on governance, looking at the range of
approaches employed, including multi-level governance and rights-based approaches, and the
principal actors involved from local communities and Indigenous Peoples to governments
and national and international non-governmental organisations. The Handbook reveals the
importance of the historical context to community forestry and the effects of power and
politics. Importantly, the Handbook not only focuses on successful examples of community
forestry, but also addresses failures in order to highlight the key challenges we are still facing
and potential solutions.
The Routledge Handbook of Community Forestry is essential reading for academics, professionals,
and practitioners interested in forestry, natural resource management, conservation, and
sustainable development.
Janette Bulkan is an associate professor in the Faculty of Forestry, University of British
Columbia, Canada. She is a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Sustainable Forestry
and an associate editor of Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. She is a member of the Advisory
Board of the University of Guyana’s GREEN Institute.
John Palmer is a senior associate linked to the Forest Management Trust (MT, USA) and
works on tropical and international forestry issues. He is a member of the editorial board of the
International Forestry Review.
Anne M. Larson is a principal scientist at CIFOR, the Center for International Forestry
Research and Leader of the team on Equal Opportunities, Gender, Justice and Tenure. She is a
member of the council of the International Land Coalition (ILC) and the board of the Rights
and Resources Initiative (RRI).
Mary Hobley has more than 30 years’ experience working in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and
Europe, concentrating on forestry, social anthropology, and political science. She works with
a broad range of actors, including senior government, local government, private sector, non-
government, and civil society groups.
ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF
COMMUNITY FORESTRY
Edited by Janette Bulkan, John Palmer, Anne M. Larson,
and Mary Hobley
Cover image: Ulet Ifansasti/CIFOR
First published 2022
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2022 selection and editorial matter, Janette Bulkan, John Palmer, Anne
M. Larson and Mary Hobley; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Janette Bulkan, John Palmer, Anne M. Larson and Mary
Hobley to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the
authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with
sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book
ISBN: 978-0-367-48869-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-27689-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-48871-0 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9780367488710
Typeset in Bembo
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
CONTENTS
List of figures ix
List of tables xiii
List of boxes xv
List of contributors xvi
Acknowledgements xxvii
1 Introduction 1
Janette Bulkan, John Palmer, Anne M. Larson, and Mary Hobley
PART I
Spaces for community forestry in State- and timber-dominated landscapes 13
2 The difficult art of carving space(s) for community forestry in the
Quebec regime 15
Luc Bouthillier, Guy Chiasson, and Hanneke Beaulieu
3 Community forestry in extractive reserves: The story of Verde para
Sempre in Pará State, Brazil 29
Katiusca Fernandes Miranda, Manuel Amaral Neto, and Alison Pureza Castilho
PART II
Multi-level governance and new governance approaches – Global 47
4 Non-timber forest product value chain development: Lessons from a
university’s 20-year partnership in the Maya Biosphere Reserve 49
Megan Butler, David Wilsey, Dean Current, José Román Carrera, and
Deanna Newsom
v
Contents
5 Pathways to community timber production: A comparative analysis of two
well-established community-based forest enterprises in Mexico and Brazil 65
Shoana Humphries, Karen A. Kainer, Dawn Rodriguez-Ward,
Ana Luiza Violato Espada, Thomas P. Holmes, Pascual Blanco Reyes,
Jones da Silva Santos, and Maria Margarida Ribeiro da Silva
6 Social Forestry and land tenure conflicts in Indonesia 88
Myrna Safitri
7 Commercial timber plantations as a means to land and economic
restitution in South Africa 103
Ratsodo Phillip Tshidzumba, Jeanette Clarke, and Paxie W. Chirwa
8 Community forestry in Australia: Caring for Country, land, and the bush 120
Giselle Cruzado Melendez and Peter Kanowski
PART III
Inter-agency collaborations in Community Forestry – USA 139
9 Old World and New World collision: Historic land grabs and the
contemporary recovery of Indigenous land management practices in the
western USA 141
Janette Bulkan, John Palmer, Anne M. Larson, and Mary Hobley
10 Community forest ownership, rights, and governance regimes in the
United States 146
Kathleen A. McGinley, Susan Charnley, Frederick W. Cubbage,
Reem Hajjar, Gregory E. Frey, John Schelhas, Meredith Hovis,
and Kailey Kornhauser
11 Community-based forestry in the western United States: Reimagining
the role of communities in federal forest management 168
Cecilia Danks and Yvonne Everett
12 The Weaverville Community Forest: Putting community in the forest 182
Patrick Frost and Kelly Sheen
13 Community management of Native American, municipal, and private
managed forests in northern California, USA 200
Bill Wilkinson and April Sahara
PART IV
Voluntary forest certification schemes in community forestry 219
14 Unfinished business: Rethinking certification for smallholders in
Southeast Asia 221
Aidan Flanagan, Stephen Midgley, and Peter Stevens
vi
Contents
15 An assessment of FSC certification solutions for smallholders and
community-managed forests 237
Marion Karmann, Zandra Martinez, Joachim Meier-Dörnberg, and Vera Santos
16 Environmental and socio-economic impacts of community forestry and
individual small-scale logging in Cameroon 256
Raphael Tsanga, Paolo Omar Cerutti, Paule Pamela Tabi Eckebil, and
Edouard Essiane Mendoula
PART V
Indigenous forestry/all forest values including Traditional Ecological
Knowledge (TEK) 271
17 The Mistik story: A community forestry approach to large-scale
industrial forest management and production 273
Sheri Andrews-Key, Stephen Wyatt, and Harry Nelson
18 Listening watchfully: Following the Líl̓wat pathway towards reciprocal
and relational forest research in Líl̓wat Indigenous Territory, British
Columbia, Canada 288
Emily Doyle-Yamaguchi and Tonya Smith
19 ‘We all have this mother’: Land tenure conflicts and Indigenous forest
communities in Argentina 302
Mónica Gabay and Ricardo Julián Apaza
PART VI
Community forestry associations, gender, landscapes 317
20 Community forestry in British Columbia, Canada: History, successes, and
challenges 319
Jennifer Gunter
21 Achieving political rights, enhancing forest livelihoods: Latin American
Indigenous and Afrodescendant women’s views 338
Omaira Bolaños Cárdenas and Iliana Monterroso
22 ‘Community’ agroforestry and landscape restoration: Towards recognition
of the trade-offs and externalities of tree planting 355
Laura A. German
23 ‘If there is jangal (forest), there is everything’: Exercising stewardship
rights and responsibilities in van panchayat community forests, Johar Valley,
Uttarakhand, India 372
Madison Stevens and Ramesh Krishnamurthy
vii
Contents
PART VII
Politics and power in community forestry 397
24 Disempowering democracy: Local representation in community and
carbon forestry in Africa 399
Melis Ece, James Murombedzi, and Jesse Ribot
25 Community Forestry in Myanmar: Centralised decentralisation under
conflictual authoritarianism – not yet rights-based resource federalism 417
Oliver Springate-Baginski
26 Village forestry under donor-driven forestry interventions in Laos 434
Sabaheta Ramcilovic-Suominen and Irmeli Mustalahti
27 Decoupling agendas: Forestry reform, decentralisation, and Cambodia’s
model of community forestry, 1992–2020 449
Jeffrey D. Williamson, Tol Sokchea, and Julian Phromphen Atkinson
28 Liberia’s Private Use Permits: Elite capture and dubious community title
documents 464
David Young, Silas Kpanan’Ayoung Siakor, and Jonathan W. Yiah
29 Community forestry in the changing political and social context of Nepal 477
Mary Hobley and Yam B. Malla
PART VIII
New directions in community forestry 491
30 Mexican community forestry as a global model for biodiversity
conservation and climate change adaptation and mitigation 493
David Barton Bray and Elvira Durán
31 Community-based empowerment through land reform in Scotland:
The case of forest ownership 507
Anna Lawrence
32 Dynamics in community forestry in the Netherlands: Impacts of
changing cultural ecological knowledge 523
Koen Arts, Thomas J.M. Mattijssen, and K. Freerk Wiersum
33 Conclusion: Some paths ahead for community forestry 538
Janette Bulkan, John Palmer, Anne M. Larson, and Mary Hobley
Index 547
viii
FIGURES
2.1 Bioclimatic Domains and Inhabited Forests pilot projects 19
3.1 Map showing the location of the Verde para Sempre Resex. Source:
Prepared by the authors, 2020 32
3.2 Inter-institutional arrangements of the forest management group
(GGF). Source: Miranda et al. (2020) 37
3.3 Model for community forest management by forest enterprises in the
Verde para Sempre Resex. Source: Miranda et al. (2020) 39
3.4 Scale of organisational maturity among the community forest
enterprises in the Verde para Sempre Resex. Source: Miranda et al. (2020) 40
4.1 Key events in the Maya Biosphere Reserve region 52
4.2 A new production pathway (shaded boxes) that resulted from the
activities described in this chapter 58
5.1 Maps of two forest-based communities with community-based
forest enterprises producing timber: (a) Noh-Bec in Quintana Roo,
Mexico. Source: Created by Daniel de Almeida Papa for the authors.
(b) Arimum in Pará, Brazil 69
5.2 Illustration of suggested dynamic relationship between community
capitals and well-being, whereby each build on one another and
contribute to improvements over time. Source: created by the authors
and inspired by Gutierrez-Montes (2005, p. 121) and Emery and
Flora’s (2006, p. 4) illustrations of how community assets can spiral up
or down for a community 79
6.1 The progress of forest gazettement in Indonesia (in hectares). Source:
Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2013, 2020 91
7.1 (a) Case study areas and (b) distribution of forest types in South Africa 106
8.1 Australia’s native forest extent 121
8.2 The Australian Indigenous Estate 125
8.3 Forests in the Australian Indigenous Estate 128
ix
