Routledge Companion to the American Civil War (Routledge Companions to History)

198 Pages·2006·2.55 MB·English

by  Hugh Tulloch

THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION
TO THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR ERA
‘This well-conceived compilation of primary sources and concise biographical
and historiographical essays on the period of sectional conflict, Civil War, and
Reconstruction in the United States is a valuable reference and teaching tool.’ –
Professor James M. McPherson,Princeton University
‘Tulloch’s Companion is an invaluable resource for students, teachers, and anyone
who wishes to begin or continue learning about what is perhaps the central event in
the history of the United States.’– Natalie Zacek,University of Manchester
The American Civil War is a defining moment in the history of the United States. At
least 600,000 Americans lost their lives in a conflict that merged elements of the
Napoleonic era with the technologies of the Machine Age. In this indispensable
reference guide, Hugh Tulloch examines the military aspects of the war alongside
the political, constitutional, social and economic developments and trends that
informed and were in turn informed by the turbulent events that took place during
America’s nineteenth century. As well as offering a unique examination of the
literary and religious aspects of the era,key themes addressed include:
• emancipation and the quest for racial justice
• abolitionism and debates regarding freedom versus slavery
• Civil War military strategies
• presidential elections and party politics
• cultural and intellectual developments
• the Confederacy,secession and reconstruction
• industrial and agricultural changes
Including a full glossary, biographies of central figures, key documents, guides to
further reading and illustrated with informative maps, this companion provides a
comprehensive and essential guide for all those who study American history.
Hugh Tulloch was Senior Lecturer in American History at Bristol University from
1971 to 2003. He is author of James Bryce’s American Commonwealth (1988),Six
British Travellers to the United States, 1919–41 (2000) and The Debate on the
American Civil War Era (2000).
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THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR ERA
Hugh Tulloch
First published 2006
by Routledge
2 Park Square,Milton Park,Abingdon,Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave,New York,NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
© 2006 Hugh Tulloch
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic,mechanical,or other means,now known or
hereafter invented,including photocopying and recording,or in any information
storage or retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Tulloch,Hugh.
The Routledge companion to the American Civil War era / Hugh Tulloch.
p. cm. – (Routledge companions to history)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-415-22952-9 (hardback :alk. paper) – ISBN 0-415-22953-7 (pbk. :alk. paper)
1. United States – History – Civil War,1861–1865 – Handbooks,manuals,etc.
2. United States – History – 1849–1877 – Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Title. II. Series.
E468.T85 2006
973.7–dc22 2005027295
ISBN 0-203-08786-0 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN10:0-415-22952-9 (hbk)
ISBN10:0-415-22953-7 (pbk)
ISBN10:0-203-08786-0 (ebk)
ISBN13:978-0-415-22952-4 (hbk)
ISBN13:978-0-415-22953-1 (pbk)
ISBN13:978-0-203-08786-2 (ebk)
CONTENTS
List of maps,tables and figures vii
Acknowledgements viii
Note ix
Introduction 1
Part I Historical Background 7
Chronological table 9
Historiography/historians 16
Part II Documents and Resources 29
Founding documents 31
Politics 37
Social and economic factors 50
Military strategy 58
Primary documents 63
Judge Thomas Ruffin:North Carolina v. Mann,1829 63
Thomas Dew:Review of the Debate in the
Virginia Legislature,1831–32 65
Frederick Law Olmsted:A Journey in the Back
Country,1860 69
William Lloyd Garrison:The Liberator,1 January 1831 71
The Seneca Falls Declaration,19 July 1848 72
Ralph Waldo Emerson:The Fugitive Slave Laws,
3 May 1851 74
Frederick Douglass:Fourth of July Address,1852 77
Andrew Jackson:Proclamation to the People
of South Carolina,10 December 1832 78
Roger Taney:Dred Scott v. Sandford,6 March 1857 80
v
CONTENTS
Abraham Lincoln:The ‘House Divided’Speech,
17 June 1858 82
South Carolina Declaration of Causes of Secession,
24 December 1860 84
Abraham Lincoln:First Inaugural Address,
4 March 1861 86
Jefferson Davis:Inaugural Address,18 February 1861 91
Alexander Stephens:Address on the Confederate
Constitution,21 March 1861 92
Abraham Lincoln:Message to Congress,4 July 1861 94
Abraham Lincoln:Gettysburg Address,
19 November 1863 95
Abraham Lincoln:Second Inaugural Address,
4 March 1865 96
Thaddeus Stevens:Speech on Reconstruction,
18 December 1865 97
Andrew Johnson:Second Annual Message
to Congress,3 December 1866 100
Frederick Douglass:Speech to Republican
National Convention,1876 102
Ralph Waldo Emerson:Concord Hymn 103
Herman Melville:Shiloh:A Requiem 103
Walt Whitman:O Captain! my Captain! 104
Emily Dickinson:Much Madness is
Divinest Sense 105
Emily Dickinson:Success is Counted Sweetest 105
Emily Dickinson:Ample Make this Bed 105
Emily Dickinson:Safe in their
Alabaster Chambers 105
Julie Ward Howe:The Battle Hymn of
the Republic 106
Spiritual:Nobody Knows the Trouble I Seen 107
Part III Biographies,Glossary and References 109
Biographies 111
Glossary 139
Annotated bibliography 165
Index 177
vi
LIST OF MAPS, TABLES
AND FIGURES
Maps
1 The United States,1860,with dates of states’
admission to the Union 47
2 The Kansas–Nebraska Act,1854 48
3 Presidential election of 1860 48
4 Reconstruction,1865–77 49
5 Hayes–Tilden disputed election,1876 49
6 Population,1860 51
7 Percentage of slaves in total population,1860 52
8 US railroads,1860 55
9 Wheat production,1859 56
10 Cotton production,1859 57
11 Principal military campaign of the Civil War:
Eastern theatre 59
12 Principal military campaign of the Civil War:
Western theatre 60
Tables
1 Population,1860 50
2 Principal occupations for free males,15 and over,1850 53
Figures
1 Immigration to the United States,1815–60 53
2 US territorial expansion,1790–1860 54
3 Value of total exports and cotton exports,1815–60 56
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My thanks go,as ever,to Hugh Brogan and Anne Merriman,for their aid and support,
and to my colleagues – Peter Coates,Brian Miller and Ken Thomas.
The Emily Dickinson poems are reprinted by permission of the publishers and
Trustees of Amherst College from The Poems of Emily Dickinson,Thomas H. Johnson,
ed.,Cambridge,Mass.:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,© 1951,1955,
1979,1983 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.
viii
NOTE
Throughout the book,cross-references are shown in bold. They aim to help the reader
navigate through the book. More information on such names and terms can be found
under the respective headings in relevant sections.
ix