Root Engineering: Basic and Applied Concepts

486 Pages·2014·9.19 MB·English

by  Asunción Morte

Soil Biology
Asunción Morte
Ajit Varma Editors
Root
Engineering
Basic and Applied Concepts
Soil Biology
Volume 40
Series Editor
AjitVarma,AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology,
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, India
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/5138
.
Asuncio´n Morte (cid:129) Ajit Varma
Editors
Root Engineering
Basic and Applied Concepts
Editors
Asuncio´nMorte AjitVarma
FacultaddeBiolog´ıa AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology
UniversidaddeMurcia AmityUniversityUttarPradesh
Murcia Noida
Spain UttarPradesh
India
ISSN1613-3382 ISSN2196-4831(electronic)
ISBN978-3-642-54275-6 ISBN978-3-642-54276-3(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-54276-3
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014936856
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2014
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor
informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts
inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing
enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication
ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe
Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from
Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.
ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt
fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor
anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with
respecttothematerialcontainedherein.
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Foreword
Rootsarehighlycomplexsystems.Theyareknowntoperformmostdiversetasks
targetedatrootstructureandfunction.Inadditiontothemostobviousaspectssuch
asstructuralsupportoftheplant,uptakeofwaterandnutrients,storageoffoodand
nutrients,orvegetativereproduction,theyareinvolvedinphytohormonesynthesis
and regulation of plant growth. Furthermore, roots interact with fungi, to form
mycorrhizas, and bacteria in root nodules to mention only the most intensively
studied symbioses. Root–microbial interactions are often related to effective
defensemechanismsdirectedagainstphytopathogenicagents(Chap.17).
All these achievements were acquired during evolution within the last
400millionyears,startingwiththeappearanceofthefirstlandplants.Considering
thisenormousperiodoftime,itcanbeassumedthatpresent-dayrootsareoptimally
adaptedtotheirnaturalenvironments.
Nevertheless, there is growing interest in root engineering. In biology, root
engineeringisunderstood—inanalogytogeneticengineering—asanalterationof
rootstructureorfunctionbymeansofgeneticmodification,butalsobreedingand
manipulatingrootsymbionts.Inthisway,itishopedtoadjustplantstoman-made
stress situations and rapidly changing environments or to adapt them to totally
artificialconditionsseeninrootculturestobeusedforpharmaceuticalpurposesand
many other purposes, particularly in horticulture (Chap. 15). First attempts have
been made with hairy root cultures transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
Recent advances are reported in this book by the commercialization of hairy
roots-based processes (Chap. 18). The identification of genetic markers for the
selectionofimprovedadventitiousrootingperformancewillspeedupthistask.But
anextensiontodifferenttypesofrootcultureiscominguponlyslowly.
Thereasonforslowprogressinrootengineeringislackingknowledgeincrucial
root functions, particularly at the molecular level. It is clear that without this
understandingrootengineeringcanbeafutileundertaking.Therefore,animportant
goal of this book is to outline the latest achievements in structural aspects of root
systems as well as physiological relations hoping that future efforts in root engi-
neeringwillbebasedonamoresolidground.Itisalsorecognizedthatpivotalsteps
v
vi Foreword
havetostartatthelevelofinteractingpartnersusuallyassociatedwithroots,suchas
mycorrhizalfungiand/orbacteria.
Engineering of root system architecture is expected to support a second green
revolution if crop performance under suboptimal water and nutrient supply is at
stake(Chap.3).Rootgrowthmodelsshouldhelpengineeringofrootarchitecturein
ordertofixtreesinshallowsoils,foundinmosturbanlandscapes(Chaps.4and14).
It is hoped that this book is welcomed as an initiative for further efforts and
investments in root engineering. Established scientists and academicians should
enjoythebookforinnovationinthefuture.Youngscientistsandstudentsmayfind
the book as a tool to undertake novel and new experiments to understand the
functioning of diverse roots and for the welfare of mankind and at the same time
sustaintheenvironment.
Mu¨nchen,Germany BertoldHock
TechnischeUniversita¨tMu¨nchen
Preface
Terrestrial root system is the most dynamic system in plants which regulates
directly or indirectly the morphology, physiology, biochemistry, flowering, and
thesynthesisofsecondarymetabolites.Itmaintainsacontinuousconductivitylink
tostemandleaves.Anyblockageinupward(xylemtissues)ordownward(phloem)
movementofwaterandsolutesmaydamagetheplants.Averagescientistsandplant
biologistsbelievethatitisanorganofanchorageintothesoilandtransportationof
mineralsandwater.Thisisnottrue.
Theprimeaimandtheobjectiveofthebookaretohighlightthevariousessential
rolesofrootsandtheirinteractionwithdiversemicroorganismswhicharelocalized
in the root system and/or in the vicinity, e.g., endophytes, rhizosphere (mycorrhi-
zosphere), and non-rhizosphere. These are under the influence of root exudates
(aminoacids,sugars,andgrowthhormones).Microbialinteractionhasdeepinflu-
enceonplantgrowth,flowering,fruiting,productionofsecondarymetabolites,and
in combating biotic and abiotic stresses. In modern biology teachers and students
areforgettingtheroleofrootsystemwhichissubterranean,andthebiomassisas
enormousasthatofaerialportion.Theypreventsoilerosionandplayvitalrolein
maintainingsoilhealth.
The volume with 22 chapters, cleverly prepared by internationally recognized
academicians, will serve and motivate the readers to value the root system and
exploreforbetteruseofmankindandpreservationofourecosystem.
Murcia,Spain Asuncio´nMorte
Noida,India AjitVarma
vii
.
Contents
PartI AnatomicalandMorphologicalStrategiesofRoots
1 AnatomyofRootfromEyesofaMicrobiologist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
SmritiShrivastava,RamPrasad,andAjitVarma
2 RoleofPhiCellsUnderAbioticStressinPlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
NievesFerna´ndez-Garc´ıa,CarmenLo´pez-Berenguer,
andEnriqueOlmos
3 RootSystemArchitecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
BeataOrman-Ligeza,Rene´ Civava,SophiedeDorlodot,
andXavierDraye
4 RootGrowthModelBasedonSwarmIntelligence. . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Tome´ Matos,CristinaCruz,andLu´ısCorreia
5 TheDevelopmentoftheMaizeRootSystem:RoleofAuxin
andEthylene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Mar´ıaVictoriaAlarco´n,PedroG.Lloret,andJulioSalguero
PartII RhizosphereandMicroorganisms
6 Mycorrhizosphere:TheRoleofPGPR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
RosarioAzco´n
7 HowRootStructureDefinestheArbuscularMycorrhizal
SymbiosisandWhatWeCanLearnfromIt?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
BeatrizDreyer,MarioHonrubia,andAsuncio´nMorte
8 HowEctomycorrhizaeStructuresBoosttheRootSystem?. . . . . . . 171
JavierParlade´,BeatrizA´gueda,LuzMarinaFerna´ndez-Toira´n,
FernandoMart´ınez-Pen˜a,andAnaMar´ıadeMiguel
ix