Roman artefacts and society

312 Pages·2017·5.73 MB·English

by  Swift

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ROMAN ARTEFACTS AND SOCIETY
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Roman Artefacts
and Society
Design, Behaviour, and Experience
ELLEN SWIFT
1
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3
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OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,24/12/2016,SPi
Acknowledgements
Firstly I would like to acknowledge the support of the Leverhulme Trust
through a grant-funded Leverhulme Research Fellowship. Without such a
grant, it is unlikely that a project of this kind, incorporating the study of
much museum data, could have been undertaken. The Trust also allowed
some necessary changes to the intended study visits, and for this I am very
gratefulandwouldparticularlyliketothankAnnaGrundy.Iwouldalsoliketo
thank the Research Office and other colleagues at the University of Kent for
theirworkinrelationtothegrantapplicationandmanagementprocess.
Iamalsogratefulto theBritishAcademy,whosupported apilot studyfor
theprojectthroughasmallgrantfromtheChittickFund.
Many thanks to those who kindly read sections of the draft text and
provided very useful comments: James Bland, Alan Bowman, Ewan Clayton,
RayLaurence,andLeslieRimell.Iamalsogratefultothefollowingpeoplefor
various pieces of advice and information: Cherrell Avery, Simon Damant,
Glynn Davis, Hella Eckardt, Michel Feugère, Kevin Ford, Suzanne Kemsley,
Faith Morgan, and Quita Mould. Many thanks to Leslie Rimell for allowing
metocitehisunpublishedMAthesis,andtoAnneAlwis,whotranslatedfor
meapassageofAncientGreek.
Special thanks are due to Colin Hope, who kindly provided unpublished
drawings, photographs, and further detail relating to artefacts found in
the Monash University excavations at Kellis. I am also very grateful to the
following people and/or organizations, who also provided photographs
of objects in their collections: Dina Faltings, Ägyptologisches Institut,
Universität Heidelberg; Yen Wu, Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New
York; Margherita Bolla, Museo Archeologico, Aquileia; Catharine Roehrig,
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Museo Nacionale de arte Romano,
Spain; Margaret Maitland, National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh;
KierstenNeumann,OrientalMuseum,Chicago;LisaBrody,YaleUniversity
Art Gallery, New Haven.
Thisresearchwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutindividualstudyvisits
tomuseumcollections,whichweremadeintheUK,Belgium,France,Ireland,
TheNetherlands,andSwitzerland.Iverymuchappreciatethekindassistance
ofthefollowingmuseumsandmuseumstaff,whoalso,insomecases,assisted
withcopyrightpermissionsforphotographs:
SusanWalkerandLiamMcNamara,AshmoleanMuseum,Oxford;Richard
Hobbs, Amandine Merat, Alex Truscott, and colleagues, British Museum,
London; Craig Bowen, Canterbury Museums; Steve Yates, Colchester Castle
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,24/12/2016,SPi
vi Acknowledgements
Museum; Frances McIntosh, Corbridge Museum; Amanda Hart and James
Harris, Corinium Museum Cirencester; Roland Cobbett and Joanne Gray,
EnglishHeritageArchive,Dover;LouiseJenkinsandAnastasiaChristophilopoulo,
Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge; Igor Van der Vonder, Gallo-Romeins
Museum, Tongeren; Helen Rees, Hampshire Cultural Trust (Winchester);
DanNesbitt,LondonArchaeologicalArchiveandResearchCentre;Dominique
Bénazeth and Marie Delassus, The Louvre, Paris; Ann Wilkinson, Maison
DieuMuseum,Faversham; CampbellPrice, Manchester UniversityMuseum;
LiesbethSchuurmanandcolleagues,MuseumhetValkhof,Nijmegen;Imogen
Gunn, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge; Sally Kent,
MuseumofEnglishRuralLife,Reading;HelenGaniaris,CarolineMcDonald,
Glynn Davis, and Meriel Jeater, Museum of London; Mark Lewis, National
LegionaryMuseum,Caerleon;MargaretLannin,NationalMuseumofIreland,
Dublin; Evan Chapman, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff; Natasha
Harlow, Norwich Castle Museum; Alice Stevenson and colleagues, Petrie
Museum, UCL, London; Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford; Jill Greenaway,
Reading Museum; RuurdHalbertsma,RijksmuseumvanOudheden,Leiden;
Tim Padley, Tullie House Museum, Carlisle; David Thorold, Verulamium
Museum, St Albans; Louise Hofman and Katy Canales, V&A Museum,
London;BarbaraBirley,VindolandaMuseum,Chesterholm;ReginaFellmann
and Ana Maspoli, Vindonissa Museum, Brugg; Julian Bell, Weald and
Downland Museum,Sussex.
Manythanksalsoto LloydBosworthforhisinvaluable assistancewith the
illustrations.
FinallyIwouldliketothankthetwoanonymousrefereesforthebook,plus
editors Charlotte Loveridge and Georgina Leighton, and other colleagues, at
OxfordUniversityPress.
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,24/12/2016,SPi
Contents
ListofFigures ix
ListofTables xiii
1. Introduction 1
2. Function 18
3. Behaviour/Experience 102
4. Users 150
5. ProductionandUsers 202
6. Conclusion 229
Appendix1:Ring-keysdata 238
Appendix2:Pensdata 242
Appendix3:Shearsdata 244
Appendix4:Dicedata 249
Appendix5:Chi-squaredstatisticsfordicewithstatistically
significantbias 253
Appendix6:Finger-ringmotifs 258
Appendix7:Romansquare-sidedglassbottlesdata 264
References 267
Index 299
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List of Figures
2.1 Spoonbowlshapesandwearpatterns(seealsocolourplate) 20
2.2 Exampleoftype5ering-key 23
2.3 Weartothehooponring-keys 24
2.4 Weartothestemontype5aring-keys 27
2.5 Lateformsoftype5bringwithawiderhoopandrectangularbezelat
thefrontofthering(seealsocolourplate) 29
2.6 Weartothesideofthebitontype5bring-keys(seealsocolourplate) 30
2.7 Depictionofascribeonatombmonument 37
2.8 Examplesofpenswithvariousfeatures 42
2.9 Replicapenstoshowwear(seealsocolourplate) 44
2.10 Penswithsquare-cutandpointednibs(seealsocolourplate) 45
2.11 Penswithobliquenibs(seealsocolourplate) 46
2.12 Penswithreverse-obliquenibs(seealsocolourplate) 47
2.13 Recreationofscriptexamples,squarecutandobliquenib 49
2.14 ScriptdetailfromtheRomanVergil,illustratingRomanRusticCapitals 51
2.15 ScriptdetailfromtheCodexSinaiticus,illustratingUncialscript 52
2.16 Recreationsofscript,‘Y’withsquare-cutandreverse-obliquenib 52
2.17 IllustrationfromSkelton&Co.toolcatalogue1915,page121 57
2.18 Examplesofmoderndouble-bladedcuttingtools 62
2.19 IllustrationfromSkelton&Co.toolcatalogue1915,page210 63
2.20 Examplesofleft-andright-setbladesinshears(seealsocolourplate) 65
2.21 RomantombstonefromSenswithdepictionoftailoringusingshears 66
2.22 SimonDamantdemonstratingtheuseofhandshearsforsheep-shearing 67
2.23 TopandsideviewsoftwopairsofshearsfromCorbridge 69
2.24 ExamplesofMeridaformofshears 72
2.25 ExamplesofVindonissaformofshears 73
2.26 ExamplesofPompeiiformofshears 74
2.27 ExamplesofCortratformofshears 75
2.28 ExamplesofLondonformsofshears 76
2.29 FurtherexamplesofLondonformsofshears 77
2.30 ExamplesofAvenchesformsofshears 78
2.31 FurtherexamplesofAvenchesformsofshears 79
2.32 ExamplesofBerlingenformofshears 80