Rockwood and Wilkins' Fractures in Children

1305 Pages·2014·54.89 MB·English

by  John M. Flynn

Rockwood and wilkins’
Fractures in Children
EiGHTH EdiTion
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Rockwood and wilkins’
Fractures in Children
EiGHTH EdiTion
EDITORS
John M. (Jack) Flynn, MD Peter M. Waters, MD
Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Clinical Chief of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital
Associate Chief of Orthopaedic Surgery Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia John E. Hall Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
David L. Skaggs, MD
Chief of Orthopaedic Surgery
Children’s Hospital Los Angeles
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Southern California School of
Medicine
Los Angeles, California
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Acquisitions Editor: Brian Brown
Product Development Editor: David Murphy
Production Project Manager: David Orzechowski
Design Coordinator: Joan Wendt
Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welch
Prepress Vendor: Aptara, Inc.
8th edition
Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health
Two Commerce Square
2001 Market Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA
LWW.com
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9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in China
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
Rockwood & Wilkins’ fractures in children / [edited by] John M. Flynn, David L. Skaggs, Peter M. Waters. –
Eighth edition.
p. ; cm.
Fractures in children
Preceded by: Rockwood and Wilkins’ fractures in children / editors, James H. Beaty, James R. Kasser. 7th ed.
c2010.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4511-4393-5 (hardback : alk. paper)
I. Flynn, John M., editor. II. Skaggs, David L., editor. III. Waters, Peter M., editor. IV. Title: Fractures in
children.
[DNLM: 1. Fractures, Bone. 2. Adolescent. 3. Child. 4. Dislocations. 5. Infant. WE 175]
RD101
617.1′5083–dc23
2014017636
Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted
practices. However, the author(s), editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any
consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied,
with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this
information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical
treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations.
The author(s), editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set
forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication.
However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of informa-
tion relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug
for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly impor-
tant when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug.
Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to
ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in his or her clinical practice.
LWW.com
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I want to acknowledge my wife Mary and children Erin, Colleen, John, and Kelly for patience and
understanding while I dedicated many hours to this project. They understand that Dad has homework too.
Also, I would like to recognize the injured children, medical students, residents, and fellows who count on this
textbook to be the trusted source of information for fracture care; their needs are the inspiration that drive us
to create an excellent final product.
Jack Flynn
I want to most of all thank my wife Val for her never-ending support, and tolerance of when I am “too busy”.
Thanks to my children Clay, Jamie, and Kira for being good friends, helping me with work-life balance, and
assisting me with the many children who come to our home with injuries. And thanks to my PA Alison and
nurse Elaine who take such good care of my patients.
David L. Skaggs
I wish to thank my wife Janet, expanding family of James, Rebecca, Billy, and Izzy, They, along with our
unique collection of friends, supported me doing the binge work of this book early in the morning, on our
vacations and reported free time together before the real fun began. And of course, my partners and patients
who constantly teach me about fracture care every day.
Peter M. Waters
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contributors
Joshua M. Abzug, MD Assistant Professor, University of Haemish A. Crawford, MB, ChB, FRACS Pediatric
Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Surgeon, Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic
Timonium, Maryland Surgery, Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
Benjamin A. Alman, MD A.J. Latner Professor and Chair John P. Dormans, MD, FACS The Richard M. Arm-
of Orthopaedics, Vice Chair Research, Department of Sur- strong, Jr. Endowed Chair in Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery,
gery, University of Toronto, Head, Division of Orthopaedics Chief, Orthopedic Surgery, Professor, Orthopedic Surgery,
and Senior Scientist, Program in Developmental and Stem Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Canada
Eric W. Edmonds, MD Assistant Professor, University
Alexandre Arkader, MD Director, Bone and Soft-Tissue of California, San Diego, Co-Director, Sports Medicine
Tumor Program, Children’s Orthopaedic Center, Chil- Program, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego,
dren’s Hospital Los Angeles, Assistant Professor, Clinical California
Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC,
Los Angeles, California Mark Erickson, MD Associate Professor, Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of
Donald S. Bae, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, Rose Brown Chairman of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Boston Children’s Hospital, Assistant Professor, Orthopaedic Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Kristin A. Fickenscher, MD Vice Chair, Radiology, Assis-
James H. Beaty, MD Professor, University of Tennessee, tant Professor, Radiology, University of Missouri-Kansas City
Campbell Clinic, Department of Orthopaedic, Surgery & School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Faculty, Le Bonheur
Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee John M. Flynn, MD Associate Professor, Orthopaedic Sur-
gery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Associ-
Laurel Blakemore, MD Associate Professor, Division ate Chief, Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of
Chief, Pediatric Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida
Steven L. Frick, MD Chair of Orthopedic Surgery,
Brian Brighton, MD, MPH Attending Pediatric Orthopae- Depart ment of Orthopedics, Nemours Children’s Hospital,
dic Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Orlando, Florida
Medical Center/Levine Children’s Hospital, Charlotte, North
Carolina Sumeet Garg, MD Assistant Professor, Department of
Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of
Paul D. Choi, MD Assistant Professor, Clinical Ortho- Medicine, Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon, Children’s Hospital
paedics, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California,
Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
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viii contributors
Michael P. Glotzbecker, MD Instructor, Harvard Medical J. Todd Lawrence, MD, PhD Attending Physician, Chil-
School, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Chil- dren’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Assistant Professor, Ortho-
dren’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts paedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Department of
Orthopaedic Surgery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Matthew Halanski, MD Associate Professor, Department
of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Lois K. Lee, MD, MPH Attending Physician, Harvard
American Family Children’s Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin Medical School, Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston
Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Daniel J. Hedequist, MD Assistant Professor, Orthopae-
dic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Attending Orthopae- Nina Lightdale-Miric, MD Director, Pediatric Hand &
dic Surgeon, Division of Spinal Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Upper Extremity Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts Los Angeles, Assistant Clinical Professor, Keck School of
Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
William L. Hennrikus, MD Professor, Pediatric Ortho-
paedic Surgery, Sports Medicine, Penn State Hershey Bone Scott J. Luhmann, MD Associate Professor, Department
and Joint Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Shriner’s Hospital
Martin J. Herman, MD Associate Professor, Department for Children, St. Louis, Missouri
of Orthopedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medi-
cine, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Travis H. Matheney, MD Staff Physician, Orthopaedic
Pennsylvania Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Assistant Professor,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Benton E. Heyworth, MD Attending Orthopaedic Sur-
geon, Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Ortho- James McCarthy, MD Division Director, Pediatric Ortho-
paedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Clinical Instructor paedic Surgery, Alvin H Crawford Chair, Pediatric Orthopae-
in Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, dics, Cincinnati Children’s Hosptial, Professor, University of
Massachusetts Cincinnati,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinatti,
Ohio
James R. Kasser, MD Catherine Ormandy Professor of
Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Surgeon- Charles T. Mehlman, DO, MPH Pediatric Orthopaedic
in-Chief, Orthopaedic Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Trauma Surgeon, Professor, Pediatrics & Pediatric Ortho-
Boston, Massachusetts paedic Surgery, Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery,
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati,
Robert M. Kay, MD Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck Ohio
School of Medicine of USC, Vice Chief, Children’s Ortho-
paedic Center, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, James F. Mooney, MD Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery,
California Medical University of South Carolina, Chief, Pediatric Ortho-
paedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston,
Harry K.W. Kim, MD, MS, FRCSC Director of Research, South Carolina
Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital
for Children, Associate Professor, Orthopaedics, UT South- Scott J. Mubarak, MD Professor, University of Califor-
western Medical Center, Dallas, Texas nia, San Diego, Director, Department of Orthopedics, Rady
Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
Young-Jo Kim, MD Assistant Professor, Orthopaedic,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Blaise A. Nemeth, MD Associate Professor, Department
of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin,
Mininder S. Kocher, MD, MPH Associate Director, American Family Children’s Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic
Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Peter O. Newton, MD Clinical Professor, Department of
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego,
Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
Scott H. Kozin, MD Chief of Staff, Shriners Hospital for
Children, Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Temple Univer- Kenneth J. Noonan, MD Associate Professor, Department
sity, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin,
American Family Children’s Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
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contributors ix
Karl E. Rathjen, MD Professor, Department of Ortho- Orthopaedic Surgeon, Co-Director of Hospital for Special
paedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Surgery’s Center for Hip Preservation, Hospital for Special
School, Staff Orthopaedist, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Surgery, Associate Professor, Clinical Orthopaedic Surgery,
Children, Dallas, Texas Weill Cornell Medical College, Associate Attending Ortho-
paedic Surgeon, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York,
Wudbhav N. Sankar, MD Assistant Professor, Depart- New York
ment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Attending Surgeon, Children’s David L. Skaggs, MD Chief, Orthopaedic Surgery, Chil-
Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania dren’s Hospital Los Angeles, Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery,
University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los
Jeffrey R. Sawyer, MD Associate Professor, Director, Angeles, California
Pediatric Orthopaedic Fellowship, University of Tennes-
see, Campbell Clinic Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Brian G. Smith, MD Professor of Orthopaedics and Reha-
Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Faculty, Le Bonheur bilitation and of Pediatrics and Clinical Professor of Nursing,
Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennesee Director, Yale Pediatric Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation,
Residency Program Director, Department of Orthopaedics,
Susan A. Scherl, MD Professor, Pediatric Orthopaedic Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Surgery, The University of Nebraska, Children’s Hospital
and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska Anthony A. Stans, MD Consultant, Department of Ortho-
pedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Jonathan G. Schoenecker, MD, PhD Assistant Professor,
Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Assistant Professor, Milan V. Stevanovic, MD, PhD Professor, Orthopaedics
Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Assistant Profes- and Surgery, Hand and Microsurgery, University of Southern
sor, Pharmacology, Assistant Professor, Pediatrics, Vanderbilt California, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USC Depart-
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee ment of Orthopedics, Los Angeles, California
Richard M. Schwend, MD, FAAP Clinical Professor, Michael Vitale, MD, MPH Ana Lucia Professor of Clini-
Orthopaedic Surgery, Director, Orthopaedic Research cal Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, Attending
Program, Chair, American Academy of Pediatrics, Uni- Orthopaedic Surgeon, Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital
versity of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine and of New York, Associate Chief, Division of Pediatric Ortho-
University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri paedics, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chief, Pediat-
ric Spine and Scoliosis Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic
Apurva S. Shah, MD, MBA Assistant Professor, Depart- Surgery, New York, New York
ment of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa
Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa Eric J. Wall, MD Director, Orthopaedic Sports Medicine,
Director, Orthopaedic Fellowship, Professor, UC Depart-
Frances Sharpe, MD Clinical Instructor, Orthopedic ment of Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical
Hand and Microsurgeon, USC Department of Orthopedics, Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
Los Angeles, California
William C. Warner Jr, MD Professor, Department of
Kevin G. Shea, MD Medical Staff, St. Luke’s Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tennessee, Campbell
Hospital, Boise, Idaho Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee
Benjamin Shore, MD, FRCSC Instructor in Orthopaedic Peter M. Waters, MD Clinical Chief, Orthopaedic Sur-
Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospi- gery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Professor, Orthopaedic
tal, Boston, Massachusetts Surgery, John E. Hall Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Ernest L. Sink, MD Co-Director, Center for Hip Pres-
ervation, Hospital for Special Surgery, Associate Attending
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