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ADVANCE PARACHUTING
TECHNIQUES AND TRAINING
SEPTEMBER 1989
DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY AND THE AIR FORCE
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
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Change 1 HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY
AND THE AIR FORCE
COMMANDANT, US MARINE CORPS
Washington, DC, 25 June 1991
ADVANCED PARACHUTING TECHNIQUES AND TRAINING
1. Change FM 57-230/TO 14D1-2-1-121,13 September 1989, as follows:
Cover. Change cover to include US Marine Corps publication number: “FMFM 7-42.”
Page 4-1. Add paragraph 4-lg. “Require 10 minutes for a soldier’s eyes to adjust to lower
light levels before night operations. Therefore, only red compartment lights are used 10
minutes before drop time. This allows for physical adjustment and minimizes the
impairment of a jumper’s night vision during the critical first seconds of a night drop. If the
white light is substituted for the red light before drop time, the jumper’s eyes must readjust
by turning on the red compartment lights for 10 minutes.”
Page 4-6. Paragraph 4-5e, change note to: “NOTE: Safety personnel check the static line
and packtray of the last two jumpers in each stick and give them a sharp tap to indicate that
their equipment is correct.”
Page 4-8. Figure 4-7, lines 12 and 13, delete “The jumpmaster or assistant jumpmaster”
and add “The safety.”
Page 4-10. Paragraph 4-7b, line 2, change “6” to “10”; line 4, change “six” to “ten.”
Page 4-10. Paragraph 4-8, change to: “4-8. ACTIONS AT THE 10-MINUTE
WARNING. The jumpmaster gives the 10-minute warning to the jumpers and then follows
the same procedures prescribed for the 20-minute warning.”
Page 4-14. Paragraph 4-15a, line 8, after “allowed.” add: “Except in the case of an unsafe
parachutist, no.”
Page 4-15. Paragraph 4-15b(l), lines 1 and 4, change “safety” to “jumpmaster.”
Page 4-15. Paragraph 4-15b(2), change to: “(2) After the jump refusal is brought back inside the
aircraft, he is guided as far forward in the aircraft as possible, seated, buckled up, unhooked, and
directed to not touch his equipment. During training, a refusal will stop the jump for that pass.”
Page 6-7. Paragraph 6-9, last line, after “waistband,” add “Type II or HI nylon cord
(gutted) is used to eliminate slack between the V-ring adapter and the parachute harness
main lift web. This is done by making one turn through the V-ring loop in the adapter web,
and one turn around the main lift web of the parachute harness and the lowering line
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adapter web. The loose ends must be tied together using a suitable joining knot such as a
square knot followed by two overhand knots or a surgeon’s knot.”
Pentagon Library (ANS-PL) '
ATTN: Military Documents Section ——
Room 1A518, Pentagon
Washington, DC 20310-6050
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Page 6-11. Paragraph 6-13, line 8, change to: “left door). During the fourth point of
performance, at an altitude of 200 to 100 feet above... ”
Page 9-4. Paragraph 9-5a(2) change to: “Depending upon the total weight and relative air
density, the average rates of descent for the different canopies are: MCI-IB, 18 to 22 feet
per second; MC1-1C, 14 to 18 feet per second; and T-10C, 19 to 23 feet per second.”
Page 9-4. Paragraph 9-5b, delete “18 feet per second descent rate and an.”
Page 9-5. Paragraph 9-5c(l), delete “15 feet per second descent rate and a.”
Page 11-2. Figure 11-2, change the outboard seat numbering from 4 through 13 to 24
through 32; and change the inboard seat munbering from 1 through 20 to 4 through 23.
Page 11-2. Paragraph 11-lb, line 7, change to: “Two airdrop certified loadmasters.”
Page 11-5. Paragraph 11-3, add the following after the first paragraph: “NOTE: Per
message Headquarters, USAF Military Airlift Command (DOXT), 02143 lZMay90,
over-the-ramp C-130 airdrop is restricted to ’’combination airdrops, tests requiring
over-the-ramp operations to satisfy a specific objective, jumpers required to jump with
snow skis, support for special operations forces training, MC-130, pathfinder, and SOLL II
operations.”
Page 11-5. Figure 11-4, paragraph 3, delete letters “A-l”; change “hit” to “kit.”
Page 11-6. Paragraph ll-3d(l), line 1, change “An oral 6-minute... ” to “A 10-minute... ”
Page 11-6. Paragraph ll-3d(3), change “(3)” to “(4).” Add a new subparagraph (3),
“Jumpers hook up to the appropriate anchor line cable with the open side of the snap hook
facing outboard toward the skin of the aircraft.”
Page 11-7. Paragraph ll-3d(4) and (5), change subparagraphs “(4)” and “(5)” to “(5)” and
“(6)”, respectively.
Page 11-12. Paragraph 11-6, line 2, change “157” to “156”; and fine 3, change “153” to
”152."
Page 11-12. Paragraph ll-6b, line 7, change to: “Two airdrop certified loadmasters.”
Page 11-13. Figure 11-9, paragraph 1, change “157” to “156” and “155” to “154.”
Page 12-11. Paragraph 12-lb(l), line 1, change to: “Install four snap hooks with safety
wires and... ”
Page 12-17. Paragraph 12-20b, line 7, change “of’ to “or.”
Page 12-21. Paragraph 12-25g, change to: “g. SOUND OFF FOR EQUIPMENT
CHECK. Beginning with jumper No. 28, the jumpers pass the status of their equipment
toward the aft end of the aircraft. The No. 1 jumper orally indicates (and with a hand signal)
to the jumpmaster the status of his and all other jumper’s equipment by stating, ’’All OK,
jumpmaster.”
Page 14-2. Paragraph 14-2, line 5, delete asterisks (*) before “1,500 feet” both times; add
one asterisk following “USAF AIRCRAFT (TROOP CARRIER).”
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k.
Page 14-2. Paragraph 14-3a, line 13, after “deep” add: “within 1,000 meters from the edge
of the DZ.”
Page 14-3. Paragraph 4-5, change “4-5” to “14-5.”
Page 14-3. Paragraph 14-6, add after first paragraph: “NOTE: To convert yards to
meters, multiply yards times .91. To convert meters to yards, divide meters by .91.”
Page 14-3. Paragraph 14-6b, line 1, after “aircraft” add: “Using a CARP DZ.”
Page 14-3. Paragraph 14-6b(2), line 2, change “95” to “90.”
Page 14-3. Paragraph 14-6b(3), line 1, change “95” to “90.”
Page 14-3. Paragraph 14-6b(4), line 1, change “365” to “370.”
Page 14-3. Paragraph 14-6c, line 2, after “aircraft” add: “Using a CARP DZ.”
Page 14-3. Paragraph 14-6c, line 3, change “545” to “550”; line 3, change “910” to “915.
Page 14-3. Paragraph 14-6c(l), line 1, change “365” to “370.”
Page 14-3. Paragraph 14-6c(2), change “455” to “460.”
Page 14-4. Paragraph 14-6c(4), line 2, change “95” to “90.”
Page 14-4. Paragraph 14-6c(5), line 2, change “95” to “90.”
Page 14-4. Paragraph 14-6c(6), line 1, change “365” to “370.”
Page 14-4. Paragraph 14-6d, line 2, after “C-130” add: “using a CARP DZ.”
Page 14-4. Paragraph 14-6d, line 4, change “365” to “370.”
Page 14-4. Paragraph 14-6d(l), line 2, change “37” to “35.”
Page 14-4. Paragraph 14-6d(2), line 2, change “95” to “90.”
Page 14-4. Paragraph 14-6d(3), line 2, change “95” to “90.”
Page 14-4. Paragraph 14-6e, line 2, after “C-141” add: “Using a CARP DZ.”
Page 14-4. Paragraph 14-6e, line 4, change “545” to “540.”
Page 14-4. Paragraph 14-6e(2), line 2, change “95” to “90.”
Page 14-4. Paragraph 14-6e(3), line 2, change “95” to “90.”
Page 14-4. Paragraph 14-6e(4), line 1, change “365” to “370.”
Page 14-4. Paragraph 14-6, after last paragraph, change note, line 2, add “formation”
before “and type.”
Page 14-5. Paragraph 14-7a, line 3, delete “method.”
Page 14-5. Paragraph 14-7c, lines 4 and 5, delete “small.”
Page 14-5. Paragraph 14-8, line 4, change “remaining” to “parachute.”
Page 14-5. Paragraph 14-8a, line 6, change “always” to “usually.”
Page 14-5. Paragraph 14-8c, line 2, delete “may be one or more personnel who.”
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Page 14-5. Paragraph 14-8c, line 3, change “operate” to “operates.”
Page 14-6. Paragraph 14-9a(l)(i), change to “Controls all ground and air medical
evacuations. Priority for airspace must be given to medical evacuations. This is particularly
important when rescue or medical aircraft are involved since they may be delayed if
follow-on jumps continue.”
Page 14-6. Paragraph 14-9a(l)(j), change “(j)” to “(k).”
Page 14-6. Paragraph 14-9a(l), after (i) add: “(j) Ensures that any water obstacle is
covered by a boat detail, which can provide one life jacket for each first-pass jumper. A
water obstacle is water more than 4 feet deep that is within 1,000 meters from any edge of
the surveyed DZ.”
Page 14-7. Paragraph 14-9a(2)(b), NOTE, line 2, change “less” to “more.”
Page 14-7. Paragraph 14-9a(2)(b), NOTE, line 3, change “5” to “17.”
Page 15-1. Paragraph 15-1, change title to: “DROP ZONE FORMULAS FOR THE
GROUND MARKED RELEASE SYSTEM.”
Page 15-2. Paragraph 15-lb, EXAMPLE, line 13, delete “free.”
Page 15-2. Paragraph 15-2a(l), line 2, change “impact point,” to “point of impact (PI).”
Page 15-3. Figure 15-1, change “15-1” to “15-4.”
Page 15-3. Paragraph 15-2b, line 7, change “2.5” to “1.5.”
Page 15-4. Paragraph 15-2b, line 1, change “4.1” to “3.0.”
Page 15-4. Paragraph 15-2b, line 2, add new line 3, “1.5 meters for heavy equipment
parachutes”; add new line 4, “2.4 meters for TTB parachutes.”
Page 15-4. Paragraph 15-3, line 13, change to: “surface winds for personnel airdrop
operations.”
Page 15-4. Paragraph 15-3, EXAMPLE, line 4, change STEP 1 to “STEP 1:K = 1.5.”
Page 15-4. Paragraph 15-3, EXAMPLE, line 7, change STEP 4 to “STEP 4:1.5 x 5 x 10 =
75.0 or 75 meters of drift.”
Page 15-6. Paragraph 15-4b, change chart to:
C-141 C-130
Personnel 250 yards/230 meters 250 yards/230 meters
CDS 750 yards/685 meters 550 yards/500 meters
Heavy Equipment 730 yards/670 meters 500 yards/455 meters
TTB 160 yards/145 meters 160 yards/145 meters
Page 15-7. Paragraph 15-5b, line 2, delete sentence after “woodline.” and add “Use a
100-meter buffer zone on one end of the DZ for safety reasons.”
Page 15-7. Figure 15-4, change “15-4” to “15-1.”
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Page 16-1. Paragraph 16-lb, change to: “The primary means of marking the PI during the
day should be the raised angle marker (RAM). Colored (VS-17G) panels may be used to
supplement the RAM to authenticate or differentiate between DZs within the same area.
The panels form a block letter that must be 35 feet by 35 feet, consisting of eight VS-17G
panels. The only letters authorized with the RAM are A, C, J, R, and S. However, the
letters H and O may be used for circular/random approach DZs. To assist in visual
acquisition of the DZ and to indicate the surface wind direction, smoke (other than red)
may be displayed adjacent to and downwind of the RAM/letter identifier. For CDS
airdrops, smoke should be displayed 200 yards (180 meters) before the PI (six o’clock
position).”
Page 16-1. Paragraph 16-1c, line 7, change to: “ .. .amber rotating beacon can be placed
on the center line and on the trailing edge of the DZ, if previously coordinated.”
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Page 16-2. Paragraph 16-le(2), line 2, change to: “the Pis are 500 yards (day) and 550.”
Page 16-2. Paragraph 16-lf, line 6, change “350” to “400.”
Page 16-2. Paragraph 16-lf, line 7, change to: “yards (400 minimum for C-141) on each.”
Page 16-2. Paragraph f, line 12, change to: “ .. .panels that are placed side by side to form
a 6-foot by 6-foot block. (Location... ”
Page 16-4. Paragraph 16-2, change first paragraph to: “The GMRS uses markings known
as the four-panel inverted L, six-panel T, or seven-panel H. The T or H pattern is
recommended for C-141/C-5 airdrops due to the aircraft side angle vision limitations.”
Page 16-5. Paragraph 16-2c, line 4, after “aircrew.” add: “The markings are placed where
obstacles will not mask the pilot’s line of sight. As a guide, a mask clearance ratio of 1:15 is
used, that is, one unit of vertical clearance for every 15 units of horizontal clearance. (For
example, if a DZ marker must be positioned near a terrain mask, such as the edge of a
forest, that is on the DZ track and the trees are 10 meters high (33 feet), the markings
would require 150 meters (492 feet) of horizontal clearance from the trees. (Figure 16-4.)
This applies to static line jumps only. If the GMRS markings fall into the 1:15 mask
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clearance ratio on a DZ established for static line jumpers, then the markings must be
moved forward of the 1:15 mask clearance ratio.”
Page 16-5. Paragraph 16-2c, line 8, change “must” to “may.”
Page 16-7. Paragraph 16-2c, line 1, change to: “placed on the departure end of the DZ for
CDS or bundle drop if coordinated during the DZST/aircrew mission briefing.”
Page 16-7. Paragraph 16-3, change title to: “VERBALLY INITIATED RELEASE
SYSTEM FOR ARMY ROTARY-WING AIRCRAFT.”
Page 16-7. Figure 16-6, change title to: “Code letter night markings.”
Page 16-8. Figure 16-7, change title to: “Night markings (VIRS).”
Page 16-9. Paragraph 16-4, line 12, change “C3D356” to “C3D36.”
Page 16-9. Paragraph 16-4, line 15, change “a” to “and.”
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Page 16-9. Figure 16-8, change title to: “Day markings (VIRS).”
Page 17-1. Paragraph 17-la(l)(c), change to: “Binoculars (daytime) or night vision
devices (nighttime).”
Page 20-1. Insert before paragraph 20-1: “NOTE: Only one type of parachute (T-10C or
MC1-1B/C) may be used during any one given pass over a DZ. The mixing of parachutes
that have different performance characteristics at opening (nonsteerable versus steerable)
can cause high-altitude incidents during either ADEPT Option 2 or mass exit operations.”
Page 22-2. Paragraph 22-Ih, change to: “If the jumpmasters choose to jump in that part of
the stick where they can land with their assigned unit, an individual who is a qualified and
current jumpmaster must remain near the jump door to control emergencies.”
Page 22-2. Paragraph 22-1, delete paragraph (i) and change paragraphs (j) through (r) to
(i) through (q) respectively.
Page Reference-2. Line 5, delete “3-3, Combat Control Team Operations and Procedures,”
and add “55-60, Assault Zone Procedures.”
2. Post these changes according to DA Pamphlet 310-13.
3. File this transmittal sheet in front of the publication.
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
GORDON R. SULLIVAN
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff
Official:
PATRICIA P. HICKERSON
Brigadier General, United States Army
The Adjutant General
By order of the Secretary of the Air Force:
MERRILL A. McPEAK, General USAF
Chief of Staff
Official:
CHARLES C. MCDONALD, General, USAF
Commander, Air Force Logistics Command
By Order of the Marine Corps:
H. E. REESE
Deputy for Support
Marine Corps Research, Development, and
Acquisition Command
DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army, USAR, and ARNG: To be distributed in accordance
with DA Form 12-11E, requirements for FM 57-230, Advanced
Parachuting Techniques and Training (Qty rqr block no. 1442).
☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1991- 527-027/20224
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PIN: 066821 001