Table Of ContentRiverbank Filtration: Understanding Contaminant
Biogeochemistry and Pathogen Removal
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Series IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences - Vol. 14
Riverbank Filtration:
Understanding Contaminant
Biogeochemistry and Pathogen
Removal
edited by
Chittaranjan Ray
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
and Water Resources Research Center,
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, U.SA
Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Riverbank Filtration: Understanding Contaminant Biogeochemistry and Pathogen
Removal
Tihany, Hungary
5-8 September 2001
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-0955-6 ISBN 978-94-010-0479-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0479-4
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2002
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or
otherwise. without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any
material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a compu
ter system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
CONTENTS
Preface .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Acknowledgments ............................................ xi
List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... xiii
Organizing Committee .................................................. xv
List of Participants .................................................... xvii
Effect of Biogeochemical, Hydrogeological, and Well Construction
Factors on Riverbank Filtrate Quality ....... , ......................... 1
Chittaranjan Ray
Hydrogeological Issues of Riverbank Filtration-A Review ................. 17
Eduard Hoehn
Organic Matter as the Driving Force in the Solubilization of
Fe and Mn During Riverbank Filtration .............................. 43
Alain eM Bourg, Monika A.M Kedziorek and Dominique Darmendrail
Virus Removal by Soil Passage at Field Scale and
Groundwater Protection ......................................... 55
Jack F. Schijven
Removal of Crypfosporidium Using Bank Filtration ...................... 85
Philip Berger
Elimination ofMicrocystins by Slow Sand Filtration at the
UBA Experimental Field ....................................... 123
Hartmut Bartel and Gesche Griltzmacher
Experiences on the Fate of Organic Micropollutants During
Riverbank Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l35
Frank Sacher and Heinz-Jurgen Brauch
Public Health Aspects of Riverbank Filtration ......................... 153
RolfA . Deininger, Jiyoung Lee, Arvil Ancheta and Chak Somana
Groundwater Quality Processes After Bank Infiltration From
the Danube at Cunovo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Igor Mucha, Dalibor Rodak, Zolttm HlavatY and L 'Ubomir Banskf;
Use of Bank Filtration in Hungary ................................. 221
Zsuzsa Homonnay
vi
Laboratory and Field Studies of Pollutant Removal ..................... 229
F. Laszlo and P. Literathy
Riverbank Filtration in Water Supply in Romania-
Old Solutions, New Problems ................................... 235
Vladimir Rojanschi, Luminita Mlenajek and Mariana Stanciulescu
Conclusions and Recommendations of the NATO Advanced
Research Workshop: Contaminant Biogeochemistry and
Pathogen Removal Efficiency .................................... 247
Chittaranjan Ray
Index .................................................... 251
PREFACE
The production and supply of high-quality and pathogen-free drinking water are high
priorities for NATO and its partner countries. Removing most contaminants from
drinking water using advanced treatment techniques such as ultrafiltration, reverse
osmosis, activated carbon adsorption, ozonation, or ultraviolet treatment requires high
capital cost, high maintenance, and highly trained operators. Most communities in the
partner countries and small to medium communities in the NATO countries cannot
easily afford such technologies for the treatment of water in public water systems. A
low-cost, yet effective, treatment (or pretreatment) technology that can be used by
riparian communities for producing drinking water of higher quality than river water is
riverbank filtration. Although this technology has been effectively used in many
European cities, riparian utilities in the United States are slowly realizing the benefits of
riverbank filtration f@r cost savings and regulatory compliance. It is anticipated that
such advantages of riverbank filtration would encourage its expansion in the near future.
The NATO Advanced Research Workshop was organized with the objectives of
understanding
• The role of hydrogeological and well construction factors in the development of
redox zones at bank filtration sites and the resulting impacts on contaminant
removal
• The mechanisms of pathogen removal, including the processes, colloid filtration,
die-away, decay, and possibly predation
• The status of riverbank filtration processes in partner countries
The workshop was attended by 25 scientists (from 12 countries) from academia,
research stations, and water utilities. Papers from this three-and-one-half-day workshop
are compiled in this volume.
The volume has been organized into 13 papers to address the above three objectives.
The first paper by Ray presents factors that affect the performance of bank filtration
systems, including site hydrogeology, well type and distance from the river,
biogeochemical reactions with the subsurface environment, and source water quality. It
concludes that stilI more work needs to be done to have a comprehensive understanding
of the biogeochemical processes occurring in riverbank filtration systems.
Next, the paper by Hoehn describes the role of site hydrogeology in the design and
operation of riverbank filtration wells. Hoehn addresses riverbed clogging and the
resulting impact on induced infiltration. Field and laboratory experiences are presented.
The following paper by Bourg, Kedziorak, and Armendrail addresses the role of
organic carbon as the driving force for redox reactions. They point out that many
dissolved and suspended chemicals are removed by riverbank filtration. At the same
time, however, this process introduces chemicals such as iron and manganese due to
their solubilization in reduced environments. This information is important for the
design and placement of wells with respect to the river.
vii
viii
The paper by Schijven examines the removal of viruses at field-scale riverbank
filtration sites. In addition, Schijven addresses the length of the flow path for removing
a designated amount of viruses as required under Dutch law. Mineral oxides such as
ferric oxyhydroxides appear to have a positive effect on virus removal from the
infiltrating water.
Berger provides a summary of Cryptosporidium and Giardia removal through
riverbank filtration. While bank filtration has been shown to remove protozoa such as
these, Berger suggests that breakthroughs are possible at vulnerable settings. Berger
also offers the use of other surrogates of the same size range to study the mobility and
removal of these protozoa.
Bartel and Grutzmacher describe the effectiveness of slow sand filtration in
removing toxins of cyanobacteria. Slow sand filtration has some similarity with
riverbank filtration. The authors found that under low temperature and anaerobic
conditions, breakthrough of cyanotoxins is possible. They conclude that further work is
needed to outline conditions under which slow sand filtration should be able to remove
toxins of cyanobacteria.
The paper by Sacher and Brauch examines the use of riverbank filtration to remove
micropollutants such as pharmaceutical compounds, aromatic sulfonates, complexing
agents, MTBE, and other phenolic compounds. The fate of these compounds in
laboratory test columns is also presented.
The paper by Deininger, Lee, and Ancheta focuses on public health issues dealing
with bank filtration. The paper also describes the advantage of bank filtration in terms
of moderation of contaminant peaks found in surface waters. The delay in peak arrival
provides utility managers with time for emergency action. Also presented are examples
of certain water supply systems in the Midwestern United States that have failed due to
poor maintenance and monitoring.
Mucha, Rodak, HlavatY, and Bansky present a detailed monitoring study of the
effect of sedimentation of the Cunovo reservoir on the bank filtration system of
Kalinkovo waterworks, Slovakia. The reservoir was created after a dam was built in the
Danube River.
Homonnay presents a summary paper on the use of bank filtration in Hungary. Bank
filtration is an important mechanism of drinking water production in Hungary. The city
of Budapest uses bank filtration for its water supply needs. The paper describes the
locations of the two islands where most of the waters of Budapest are extracted and also
describes the hydrogeological conditions affecting the quality of water.
The Laszlo and Litherathy paper shows the results of field and laboratory studies to
understand pollutant removal through riverbank filtration. The laboratory studies
provided process-level understanding of contaminant sorption and degradation, and the
field studies were conducted for verification.
The paper by Rojanschi, Mlenajak, and Stanciulescu presents the current and future
roles of riverbank filtration for the supply of drinking water in Romania. Riverbank
filtration was found to be a solution to counter the use of polluted surface water.
ix
The final paper by Ray presents the major findings of the workshop and outlines the
research needs for a better understanding of biogeochemical processes occurring in
riverbank filtration.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The success of this workshop and the successful completion of this book greatly
benefited from the help of a number of individuals. The idea for this workshop arose
during a meeting between the editor and Dr. Peter Literathy, then Director of VITUKI,
Budapest. Brainstorming for the details of the workshop by the editor and Drs. Ferenc
Laszlo and Alain Bourg took place during a bus trip from Dresden to Toragu, Germany.
All conference arrangements were handled by Monika Jetzin of the Trivent Conference
Office, Budapest. Many thanks to Monika for a very professional and smooth handling
of all details. I would like to thank Karen Tanoue, Patricia Hirakawa, and April Kam of
the Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii, for doing a marvelous job
during various phases of the editing and production of this book. All the authors
expressed their appreciation and gratitude to Karen for a marvelous job. I would like to
thank the NATO Scientific Affairs Division for financial support for the workshop and
publication of this book. Also, thanks go to Mrs. Wil Bruins of Kluwer Academic
Publishers for keeping us on track for this NATO Science Series publication. Finally, I
would like to thank my wife Sasmita and daughter Ananya for their understanding and
encouragement during this endeavor.
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