Table Of ContentRIVERBANK FILTRATION
Water Science and Technology Library
VOLUME 43
Editor-in-Chief
V. P. Singh, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, U.S.A.
Editorial Advisory Board
M. Anderson, Bristol, U.K.
L. Bengtsson, Lund, Sweden
J. F. Cruise, Huntsville, U.S.A.
U. C. Kothyari, Roorkee, India
S.E. Serrano, Lexington, U.S.A.
D. Stephenson, Johannesburg, South Africa
W.G. Strupczewski, Warsaw, Poland
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
RIVERBANK FILTRATION
Improving Source-Water Quality
edited by
CHITTARANJAN RAY
University of Hawaii at Mãnoa,
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
GINA MELIN
National Water Research Institute,
Fountain Valley, California, U.S.A.
and
RONALD B. LINSKY
National Water Research Institute,
Fountain Valley, California, U.S.A.
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK,BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
in collaboration with
NWRI National Water Research Institute
Fountain Valley, California, U.S.A.
eBookISBN: 0-306-48154-5
Print ISBN: 1-4020-1133-4
©2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers
NewYork, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
Print ©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht
All rights reserved
No part of this eBook maybe reproducedor transmitted inanyform or byanymeans,electronic,
mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher
Created in the United States of America
Visit Kluwer Online at: http://kluweronline.com
and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com
v
Acknowledgements
This book is the direct result of the many excellent presentations and ideas brought forward
at the International Riverbank Filtration Conference, held by the National Water Research
Institute in cooperation with the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Louisville
Water Company, and Cincinnati Water Works, in November 1999. The efforts of the following
individuals are gratefully acknowledged.
Editors
Chittaranjan Ray, Ph.D., P.E.
University of Hawaii at Mãnoa
Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
Gina Melin
National Water Research Institute
Fountain Valley, California, United States
Ronald B. Linsky
National Water Research Institute
Fountain Valley, California, United States
Contributors
Harish Arora, Ph.D., P.E.
O’Brien & Gere Engineers, Inc.
Landover, Maryland, United States
Kay Ball
Louisville Water Company
Louisville, Kentucky, United States
William P. Ball, Ph.D., P.E.
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Philippe Baveye, Ph.D.
Laboratory for Environmental Geophysics
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, United States
vi
Philip Berger, Ph.D.
Ijamsville, Maryland, United States
Edward J. Bouwer,Ph.D.
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland, United States
JörgE. Drewes, Ph.D.
Colorado School of Mines
Golden, Colorado, United States
Rolf Gimbel, Ph.D.
IWW Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wasserforschung
Institut an der Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg
Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
William D. Gollnitz
Greater Cincinnati Water Works
Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
Thomas Grischek, Ph.D.
Institute for Water Chemistry
Dresden University of Technology
Dresden, Germany
Alison M. Gusses, M.S.
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
David L. Haas, P.E.
Jordan, Jones, and Goulding
Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Thomas Heberer, Ph.D.
Institute of Food Chemistry
Technical University of Berlin
Berlin, Germany
Stephen Hubbs, P.E.
Louisville Water Company
Louisville, Kentucky, UnitedStates
Henry Hunt, CPG
Collector Wells International, Inc.
Columbus, Ohio, United States
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
Ronald B. Linsky
National Water Research Institute
Fountain Valley, California, United States
Hans-Joachim Mälzer, Ph.D.
IWW Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wasserforschung
Institut an der Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg
Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
Ilkka Miettinen, Ph.D.
National Public Health Institute
Division of Environmental Health
Kuopio, Finland
Gina Melin
National Water Research Institute
FountainValley, California, United States
Till Merkel, M.Sc.
DVGW Water Technology Center
Karlsruhe, Germany
Charles O’Melia,Ph.D., P.E.
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Chittaranjan Ray,Ph.D., P.E.
University of Hawaii at Mãnoa
Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
Michael J. Robison, P.E.
Jordan, Jones, and Goulding
Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Traugott Scheytt,Ph.D.
Technical University of Berlin
Berlin, Germany
Jack Schijven,Ph.D.
National Institute of Public Health and the Environment
Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection
Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Dagmar Schoenheinz, M.Sc.
Institute of Water Chemistry
Dresden University of Technology
Dresden, Germany
viii
Jürgen Schubert, M.Sc.
Stadtwerke DüsseldorfAG
Düsseldorf, Germany
Thomas F. Speth, Ph.D., P.E.
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
R. Scott Summers, Ph.D.
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado, United States
Ingrid M. Verstraeten, Ph.D.
United States Geological Survey
Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Jack Wang,Ph.D.
Louisville Water Company
Louisville, Kentucky, United States
W. Joshua Weiss
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Graphic Design
Tim Hogan
Tim Hogan Graphics
Westminster, California, United States
Table of Contents
RIVERBANK FILTRATION: IMPROVING SOURCE-WATER QUALITY
Introduction 1
C. Ray, Ph.D., P.E.,J. Schubert, M.Sc., R.B. Linsky, and G. Melin
What is Riverbank Filtration?
Historical Significance
Unrecognized RBF Plants
Similarities Between RBF and Slow Sand Filtration
Surface-Water Contaminants of Concern
Case Studies of Log Removal Credit in the United States
The Value of Applying RBF as a Pretreatment Technology
Part I: Systems
Chapter 1: Conceptual Design of Riverbank Filtration Systems 19
H. Hunt,CPG, J. Schubert, M.Sc., and C. Ray, Ph.D., P.E.
Introduction
Well Types and the Suitability of Vertical Versus
Horizontal Collector Wells
Evolution of the Design of Horizontal Collector Wells
Chapter 2: American Experience in Installing Horizontal Collector Wells 29
H. Hunt,CPG
Introduction
Timeline
Historical Progression
Collector Well Construction
Hydrogeological Investigation/Testing
Design and Construction Details
Chapter 3: German Experience with Riverbank Filtration Systems 35
J. Schubert, M.Sc.
Introduction
River Characteristics for Siting RBF
Flow Dynamics of Rivers and the River/Aquifer Interaction
Field Studies on RBF — Hydraulic Aspects
Chapter 4: Riverbank Filtration Construction OptionsConsidered
at Louisville, Kentucky 49
S. Hubbs, P.E.,K. Ball, D.L. Haas, P.E., and M.J. Robison, P.E.
Introduction
Site Conditions
Site Hydraulic Characteristics
Soft-Soil Tunnel Option
Hard-Rock Tunnel Option with Horizontal Collector Wells
Hard-Rock Tunnel Option with Vertical Wells
Conventional Collector Well Design
Construction Cost Estimate Notes
Evaluation of Alternatives
ix
x
Chapter 5: Operation and Maintenance Considerations 61
H. Hunt, CPG, J. Schubert,M.Sc., and C. Ray, Ph.D., P.E.
Introduction
Select Operating Wells in the United States
Select Operating Wells in Germany
Other Applications
Conclusion
Part II: Contaminant Removal
Chapter 6: Removal of Pathogens, Surrogates, Indicators, and Toxins
Using Riverbank Filtration 73
J. Schijven,Ph.D., P. Berger, Ph.D., and I. Miettinen, Ph.D.
Introduction
Why RBF for Microbial Pathogens?
Pathogen Occurrence in Surface Water
Health Effects
Outbreaks Related to the Use of Riverbank-Filtered
Drinking Water
Required Treatment of Surface Water for Drinking-Water
Production in the United States, Finland, and
The Netherlands: Implications for RBF Treatment
Hydrology and Hydrogeology
Microorganism Removal by RBF: Processes
Surrogate Microorganisms and Other Indicators
Removal by RBF and Artificial Infiltration
Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)
Conclusions
Chapter 7: Riverbank Filtration Case Study at Louisville, Kentucky 117
J. Wang, Ph.D.
Introduction
Previous Studies Conducted at Louisville, Kentucky
Description of the RBF Facility
Determination of Water Time Travel and Groundwater Dilution
NOM and Disinfection Byproduct Precursor Removal
Removal of Microbial Contaminants
Summary
Chapter 8: Reduction in Disinfection Byproduct Precursors and Pathogens
During Riverbank Filtration at Three Midwestern United States
Drinking-Water Utilities 147
W.J. Weiss, E.J. Bouwer, Ph.D., W.P. Ball, Ph.D., P.E., C.R.O’Melia, Ph.D., P.E.,
H. Arora, Ph.D., P.E., and T.F. Speth, Ph.D., P.E.
Introduction
Site Descriptions
Inorganic Monitoring
Microbial Monitoring
Disinfection Byproduct Formation Potential Testing
Simulated Conventional Treatment
Uniform Formation Conditions Testing
Risk Calculations for Disinfection Byproduct Formation Data
Conclusions
