River Training and Sediment Management with Submerged Vanes

184 Pages·2009·10.428 MB·English

by  A. Jacob Odgaard

River Training and
Sediment Management
with Submerged Vanes
Other Titles of Interest
Protection and Restoration of Urban and Rural Streams,edited by Michael Clar,
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2002). Collection of technical papers covering many facets of stream restora-
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Environmental Fluid Mechanics: Theories and Applications,edited by Hayley H.
Shen, Alexander H. D. Cheng, Keh-Han Wang, Michelle H. Teng, and
Clark C. K. Liu (ASCE Committee Report, 2002). Comprehensive survey of
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Hydraulic Design of Labyrinth Weirs, by Henry T. Falvey (ASCE Press, 2003).
Handbook on the hydraulic design of labyrinth spillways, from theory to cur-
rent practice. (ISBN 978-0-7844-0631-1)
Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, Measurements, Modeling, and Practice,
edited by Marcello Garcia(ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Prac-
tice No. 110, 2008). Companion to Sedimentation Engineering: Classic Edition,
updating selected topics and exploring new ones. (ISBN 978-0-7844-0814-8)
Sedimentation Engineering: Classic Edition,by Vito A. Vanoni(ASCE Manuals and
Reports on Engineering Practice No. 54, 1975/2006). Classic reference for un-
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0823-0)
River Training and
Sediment Management
with Submerged Vanes
by
A. Jacob Odgaard, Ph.D., P.E.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Odgaard, A. Jacob.
River training and sediment management with submerged vanes / by A. Jacob Odgaard.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7844-0981-7
1. Stream channelization. 2. Sediment control—Equipment and supplies. 3. Hydrofoils.
I. Title.
TC529.O34 2009
627'.12—dc22
2009000706
Published by American Society of Civil Engineers
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ISBN 978-0-7844-0981-7
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Chapter 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Chapter 2. Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1 Airfoil Analogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 Flow Equations and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3 Design Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4 Design Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Chapter 3. Laboratory Validation Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1 Rigid-Bed Channel (Proof-of-Concept) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2 Movable-Bed Curved and Straight Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3 Movable-Bed Sharply Curved Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4 Movable-Bed Straight Channel with Diversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Chapter 4. Design Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.1 Design Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.2 Stabilization of River Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3 Stabilization of River Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
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vi CONTENTS
4.4 Stabilization of Compound Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.5 Sediment Control at Diversion/Water Intake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.6 Stabilization of River Channel Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Chapter 5. Field Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1 Stabilization of River Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.2 Stabilization of River Bed/Compound Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.3 Sediment Control at Water Intake/Diversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.4 Stabilization of River Channel Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Chapter 6. Summary of Design Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.1 Typical Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.2 Primary Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.3 Typical Vane Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.4 Limitations to Vane Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Preface
All throughout the ages, rivers have played an important role in society. They
have provided means of transportation, water for irrigation, water supply, power
generation, and many other uses. They have also caused disasters, primarily dur-
ing floods when they inundate portions of the floodplain and destroy property
and infrastructure. The sediment they transport from the watershed to the ocean
often interferes with both navigation in the rivers and infrastructure along them.
One of the river engineer’s major tasks is to help facilitate optimum usage of this
resource and at the same time provide protection against disasters. River training
is the common solution. Traditional river training strategies include construction
of dikes, wing dams, weirs, various types of revetments, and dredging. Unfortu-
nately, many of these strategies are expensive and sometimes even a detriment to
the environment. The submerged-vane technique presented in this book offers an
alternative that protects the environment and facilitates sustainable developments
around the river. In certain river environments, vanes are less expensive than tra-
ditional techniques and are equally effective.
The book is written because design guidelines are not readily available to the
profession. Several papers have been published over the years describing the tech-
nique, and field installations have proved its feasibility. However, there is no sin-
gle source outlining the steps necessary for design. Written for both students of
hydraulics and water resources engineering and practicing engineers, in particu-
lar river engineers, the book offers a simple, step-by-step approach to the devel-
opment of a submerged-vane design for a given application. The book presents
the most up-to-date design guidelines. Recognizing that there is always room for
further developments of the vane concept and for further improvements of the
design guidelines, the book also summarizes the most important aspects of the un-
derlying theory and laboratory tests validating the theory. By including part of the
underlying theory, readers will be able to better understand the concept and make
adjustments along the way as new ideas, tools, and techniques emerge.
Four different design objectives or scenarios are described: (a) stabilization of
river bank; (b) stabilization of river bed; (c) sediment control at water intake or di-
version; and (d) stabilization of river channel alignment. Chapter 1 presents illus-
trations of these four objectives. Chapter 2 describes the theoretical background
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viii RIVER TRAINING AND SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT WITH SUBMERGED VANES
for these objectives, and presents the governing equations and a set of relatively
simple design graphs applicable to all of these objectives.
The purpose of the laboratory tests described in Chapter 3 is to not only
demonstrate validity of the theory, design equations, and graphs but also to show
that results obtained in a laboratory model can be scaled to prototype conditions.
Scalability of laboratory tests is important because prototype boundary conditions
are often so complex that a model study is required for the development of final
design.
In Chapter 4, the four design objectives and guidelines are illustrated with nu-
merical examples, five in total. These examples include data typical of projects
that are already completed, and they may serve as model examples for new, sim-
ilar projects.
Select field installations are reviewed in Chapter 5. The installations are se-
lected to cover the four design objectives and a wide range of flow and sediment
conditions. The selection includes a few early designs even though, in retrospect,
they are less efficient than the newer designs. Important lessons were learned
from these early designs, and readers may value the progression in design devel-
opment. Photos are used extensively to illustrate design features. However, vane
installations cannot be photographed in design condition when they are fully sub-
merged. Therefore, all photos of vane installations were taken at extreme low flow
when the tops of the vanes extended above the water surface.
The book concludes with a summary of the design guidelines, in Chapter 6.
The summary includes a list of typical dimensions, which are listed only to pro-
vide readers with a benchmark. Many variables affect the dimensions, some of
which are summarized in this chapter. The chapter also summarizes the primary
design considerations for the four design objectives or scenarios. The summary
may serve as a checklist in preliminary design. The different vane materials that
have been used so far in applications are also reviewed. They range from simple
wooden planks to sheet-piling to double-curved, reinforced concrete panels. The
chapter concludes with a brief summary of the main limitations to vane use.
Acknowledgments
The material in this book is based on work supported by the following sponsors:
U.S. National Science Foundation; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; U.S. Geologi-
cal Survey; Electric Power Research Institute, State of Iowa; and the Iowa Depart-
ment of Transportation. Figures and photographs were made available from sev-
eral individuals and organizations, including Robert DeWitt, River Engineering
International; Paul Collingsworth, FPL Energy Duane Arnold, LLC; Robert
Ettema, University of Wyoming; Rhoël M. Tierra, Nebraska Public Power District;
Keh-Chia Yeh, National Chiao Tung University; Adnan Alsaffar, Consultant;
J.Oosterman, DHV Consulting Engineers; Genesis Energy, New Zealand; and
Shive-Hattery, Inc., Iowa. Michael Kundert, IIHR, prepared the line drawings and
concept renderings.
Many University of Iowa graduate students were involved in the development
of the vane technology. They are, in alphabetical order: Brian Barkdoll, Mary
Bergs, Hong-Yuan Lee, Carlos Mosconi, Vince Neary, Sanjiv Sinha, Anita Spoljaric,
and Yalin Wang.
John F. Kennedy, University of Iowa, helped formulate the first theoretical
approach, and he continued to support subsequent developments of the technol-
ogy. Frank Engelund, Technical University of Denmark, the author’s academic
advisor and mentor, spurred the author’s interest in river engineering and fluid
mechanics in general.
A. Jacob Odgaard
IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering
College of Engineering, University of Iowa
ix