Table Of ContentRIVER QUALITY
Dynamics and Restoration
Edited by
Antonius Laenen
U.S. Geological Survey
Water Resources Division
Portland, Oregon
David A. Dunnette
Portland State University
Environmental Studies and Resources Program
Portland, Oregon
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
River quality : dynamics and restoration / edited by Antonius Laenen,
David A. Dunnette.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56670-138-4 (alk. paper)
1. Water quality—Oregon—Willamette River Watershed—Congresses.
2. Water quality—Poland—Vistula River Watershed—Congresses.
3. Water quahty management—Oregon—Willamette River Watershed-
-Congresses. 4. Water quality management—Poland—Vistula River
Watershed—Congresses. 5. Water quality—United States—Congresses.
6. Water quality—Poland—Congresses. I. Laenen, Antonius,
11. Dunnette, David A., 1939-
TD224.07R58 1996
363.73'94—dc20 96-22308
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Contents
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Dedication
Selected Bibliography
Preface
The Editor
Contributors
Table of Conversions
Introduction
The Willamette and Vistula Rivers: Contrast and Comparison ................................................. 3
A. Laenen and J. R. Dojlido
Background
2 Upper Willamette River Landscape: A Historic Perspective ................................................... 23
P.A. Benner and J. R. Sedell
3 The Vistula River of Poland: Environmental Characteristics and Historical
Perspective ................................................................................................................................ 49
E. Niemirycz
4 The Willamette River of Oregon: A River Restored? .............................................................. 65
N. Mu/lane
5 Water Quality in the Vistula Basin: A River under Stress ....................................................... 77
J. R. Doj!ido
Dynamics
6 Rain and Rocks: The Recipe for River Water Chemistry ........................................................ 91
G. Best
7 A Geomorphic Basis for Interpreting the Hydrologic Behavior of Large
River Basins ............................................................................................................................ ! 05
G. E. Grant
8 Precipitation-Runoff and Streamftow-Routing Modeling as a Foundation
for Water-Quality Simulation in the Willamette River Basin. Oregon .................................. 117
A. Laenen and J. C. Risley
9 Groundwater and Surface-Water Relations in the Willamette Valley. Oregon ...................... l31
M. W. Gannett and D. G. Woodward
10 Regional Distribution of Nitrite plus Nitrate in Shallow Groundwater
from Alluvial Deposits of the Willamette Basin. Oregon ...................................................... l41
S. R. Hink/e
I I Dissolved Oxygen in the Tualatin River. Oregon under Winter Low-Flow
Conditions. November 1992 ................................................................................................... 151
V. J. Ke//y
12 A Steady-State Model of the Willamette River: implications for Flow Control
of Dissolved Oxygen and Phytoplankton Biomass ................................................................ l63
C. L. DeGasperi and T. Khangaonkar
13 River Water-Quality Modeling in Poland ............................................................................... l73
M. J. Gromiec
14 Effect of Geology and Human Activities on the Distribution of Trace Elements in Water.
Sediment, and Aquatic Biota. Yakima River Basin, Washington ( 1987 to 1991 ) ................. 187
G. J. Fuhrer. S. W. McKenzie. J. F. Rine!!a. and K. A. Skach
15 Colloidal lron and Its Effect on Phosphorous Dynamics in the Tualatin River
Basin. Oregon ......................................................................................................................... 205
T. D. Mayer and W. M. Jarre/1
16 Chemical Characteristics of a Seep at the St. Johns Landfill in Portland. Oregon .............. 213
W. Fish. W. Romane!!i. and C. Martin
17 Determination of Organochlorine Compounds in Water from the Vistula River
and Seawater from the Gulf of Gdansk ................................................................................ 221
J. Czerwinski. M. Biziuk. J. Namiesfzik. and P. Sandra
Restoration: Water-Quality Monitoring and Assessment
18 Ambient Water-Quality Monitoring in the Willamette River Basin ...................................... 229
G. A. Petri!
19 State Environmental Monitoring Program in Poland ............................................................. 241
A. Mierzwifzski and E. Niemirycz
20 Concentration of Nutrients in the Vistula River. Poland ....................................................... 253
J. Ru!ewski. K. Sundblad. and A. Tonderski
21 TCDD and TCDF Monitoring Near a Bleach Kraft Pulp Mill Discharging
to the Willamette River ........................................................................................................... 259
E. Foster and D. Drake
22 Assessment Programs for Detecting Changes in Water Quality ........................................... 263
M. A. House
23 Developing indicators of Ecological Condition in the Willamette Basin: An Overview
of the Oregon Prepilot Study for EPA's EMAP Program ...................................................... 275
A. Her!ihy. P. Kaufmann. L. Reynolds. J. Li. and G. Robison
24 Assessment of Pollution Outflow from Large Agricultural Areas Based on Hydrologic
Parameters and Measured Pollutant Loads ............................................................................ 283
J. Rybihski. Z. Makowski. and E. Heybowicz
25 Nonpoint Sources of Pesticides in the San Joaquin River. California: Input from Winter
Storms. 1992 to 1993 .............................................................................................................. 293
J. L. Domagalski
26 Nutrient Loading in the Vistula River Course ....................................................................... 307
J. R. Dojlido. E. Niemirycz. and P. Morawiec
27 Nutrient Nonpoint Pollution in Experimental Watersheds in the Visrula Basin ................... 317
T. Bogacka and R. Taylor
28 Impact from Waste Created by the Combustion of Heavy Metal Laden Coal
on Surface- and Ground water in the Vistula River System ................................................... 325
I. Kulik-Kuziemska
29 Metal Loadings to the Baltic Sea from the Rivers of Poland ............................................... 331
E. Keybowicz and R. Ceglarski
30 Upper Clear Creek/Standley Lake. Colorado Water-Quality Assessment ............................. 339
T. D. Stee/e and R. N. Clayshulte
31 Characterizing Fish Assemblages in the Willamette River. Oregon. Using Three
Different Bioassessment Techniques ...................................................................................... 34 7
S. G. £/lis. S. T. Desh/er. and R. Miller
Restoration: Water-Quality Management
32 Water Management in the Vistula River Basin ...................................................................... 367
J. Zielinski and B. Ozga-Zie/inski
33 Multifunctional Informative System of Water Management ................................................. 375
W. Szczepahski and W. Jarosihski
34 Control of Point and Nonpoint Sources of Pollution by Use of Airborne Imagery of
Wastewater Effluent into Polish Rivers and Reservoirs ......................................................... 385
A. Dobrowolski. B. Glowacka. and M. Smo}'(;da
35 Bull Run River Quality: A Natural Urban Ecosystem ........................................................... 393
F. E. Ruffing
36 South African Approaches to River Water-Quality Protection ............................................. .403
P. J. Ashton and H. R. Van Vliet
37 The Oregon Watershed Health Program: Local Empowerment to Restore
Watersheds ............................................................................................................................. .413
M. L. Soscia
38 Appropriate Livestock Management Facilities Protect Water Quality in Surburban
Watersheds ............................................................................................................................. .417
D. C. Godwin and J. R. Miner
39 The Restoration of the Clyde River ...................................................................................... .423
D. Hammerton
40 Intergovernmental and International Aquatic Ecological Programs: Approaches
for Successful Implementation .............................................................................................. .435
S. W. McKenzie
41 A Review of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Amendments of 1972, 1977,
1981, and 1987: How These Acts Improved the Waters in Oregon .................................... ..443
W. J. Sobolewski
Index .............................................................................................................................................. .451
Acknowledgments
Proceedings of the LntemationaJ River Quality Symposium, March 22-24, 1994 in Portland, Oregon.
Organizing Committee
Teresa Bogacka
Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
Gdansk, Poland
Elzbieta Niemirycz
Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
Gdansk, Poland
David Dunnette
Portland State University
Portland, Oregon
Sponsorship
The following organizations and institutions contributed to the support of this symposium:
United States
• Portland State University
Environmental Sciences and Resources Program
Center for Public Health Studies
Portland, Oregon
• U.S. Geological Survey
Water Resources Division
Portland, Oregon
• Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
Portland, Oregon
• Metropolitan Service District (METRO)
Portland, Oregon
• Unified Sewerage Agency
Hillsboro, Oregon
• Environmental Protection Agency
Portland, Oregon
Poland
• Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources, and Forestry
Warsaw
• Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
Warsaw
• Technical University of Gdansk
Gdansk
This symposium was supported by a grant from the Maria Sklodowska-Curie Joint Fund of
the United States-Poland Joint Commission.
Foreword
The idea for the symposia originated in Gdansk, Poland in the winter of 1992. It was recognized
that the WiiJamette River system of Oregon and the Vistula River system of Poland had been
intensively studied and could both serve as instructive models for an internationai gathering of
river-quality scientists and specialists. The Willamette River is an internationally cited case of
successful water-quality restoration, and the Vistula River is a river under stress. In addition, the
cities of Portland and Gdansk possess many common qualities. Gdansk, near the mouth of the
Vistula River on the Baltic Sea, is the location for intensive scientific water-quality activities
involving numerous agencies and institutions, is famous for its cultural and historical assets, and
is the birthplace of democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. Portland, located at the mouth of
the Willamette River, is also a national center of scientific water-quality assessment and management
activity and is well known for its cultural and recreational assets and its dedication to environmental
quality.
The main goal for this symposia was the promotion of international cooperation and under
standing of river-quality assessment and management. A fundamental goal alongside of the main
goal was to identify and explore opportunities for international partnerships and cooperation in
research, education, and information-transfer between individuals and agencies in the U.S., Poland,
and elsewhere. Intrinsic to these goals was the need for exchanging information and sharing
perspectives on river quality. Although the primary focus of these symposia was the Willamette
and Vistula River systems, il was recognized from the outset that other river systems should be
encompassed in order to provide a sufficiently broad perspective.
These unique symposia consisted of two separate meetings: the first was held in Portland,
Oregon, March 21-25 and the second in Gdansk, Poland, June 13-17. They were supported by a
grant from the Maria Sklodowska-Curie Joint Fund of the United States-Poland Joint Commission.
The symposium proceedings of the meeting in Gdansk, Poland will be reported in a later publi
cation, International River Quality, edited by G. A. Best, T. Bogacka, and E. Neimrycz.
On March 23, 1994, after the International River Quality Symposium, participants attended an
open meeting to discuss opportunities for continuing and enhancing international partnerships and
cooperation in research, education, and information exchange. Attendees from the U.S. and Poland
expressed their willingness and the willingness of their respective organizations for a continued
partnership. Specifically emphasized was the importance of international exchange efforts such as
education and technology transfer, especially related to wastewater treatment, wetland protection,
and environmental inventories. Participants from academia suggested broader participation in Ph.D.
research at institutions in Poland and the U.S., and participation in parallel research projects.
Managers suggested an exchange of information particularly related to analytical methodologies
and data slorage/retrieval systems. Ail participants at the meeting fell that the opportunities for
international cooperation in this river-quality area, and particularly rivers located in Central and
Eastern Europe, were currently very high and that this partnership was developing within a unique
window of opportunity.
As a result of these symposia and associated meetings, a proposal was sent from David Dunnette
(Portland State University) and Elzbieta Niemirycz (Institute of Meteorology and Water Manage
ment, Warsaw) to the Maria Sklodowska-Curie Joint Fund 11 Commercialization Project on July
20, 1994. The project proposed was to continue the initial partnership through a continued exchange
of ideas and personal exchanges between the two countries. Specific to the new proposal was the
organization of several workshops, lectures, and technical exchanges.
Antonius Laenen
Dedication
This publication is dedicated to the memory of Professor David Arthur Dunnette, Ph.D. David’s
life was dedicated to conservation, environmental protection, environmental health, and ecology.
He had passionate convictions about these issues, and he spoke, taught, worked, and lived a life
that was consistent with these beliefs. To this end, he worked to develop a partnership between
water-quality scientists and managers in the U.S. and Poland. One of the first steps in this partnership
was to create a steering committee whose work initiated the Wi 11 ame tie- Vi stul a River Symposia.
Other aspects of this partnership continue to evolve. David Dunnette died of complications of a
viral illness on April 29, 1995. He was 56.
Prof. David Dunnette with the two other symposia organizers. Dr. Elzbieta Niemirycz (left) and Dr. Teresa
Bogacka (right).
For the past ten years. Professor Dunnette taught Environmental Health in the Department of
Public Health Education, and in the Environmental Sciences Doctoral Program. He was Director
of the Center of Public Health Studies at Portland State University, Portland, Oregon. At the
University, he developed a master’s program in Public Health and helped develop the curriculum
for a new undergraduate program in Environmental Studies. Prior to his university career, from
1973 to 1983, David worked as a senior scientist for the Oregon Department of Environmental
Quality. In this capacity, he first conceived and developed water-quality indices that could be used
in the management of water resources. His departmental responsibilities also included the assess
ment of many difficult problems of toxicology.
From 1991 to 1992, David was a Fulbright Scholar at the Gdansk Technical University in
Gdansk, Poland. While there, he provided advice in the areas of transportation, hazardous chemicals
in soil and water, and potential health effects due to water pollution. In Poland, David gained the
