Risk and Safety Challenges for Religious Tourism and Events

172 Pages·2018·5.937 MB·English

by  Maximiliano Korstanje, Kevin A Griffin, Razaq Raj (eds.)

Risk and Safety Challenges for Religious Tourism and Events
CABI Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Series
General Editors:
Dr Razaq Raj, Leeds Business School, Leeds Beckett University, UK
Dr Kevin Griffin, School of Hospitality Management and Tourism, Dublin Institute of Technology,
Ireland
This series examines the practical applications, models and illustrations of religious tourism and
pilgrimage management from a variety of international perspectives. Pilgrimage is not only a
widespread and important practice in Islam, Judaism and Christianity, but also in other major
religious traditions such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism.
The series explores the emergence and trajectories of religious tourism and pilgrimage. Inclusive
of all denominations, religions, faiths and spiritual practices, it covers evaluations of religious
tourism and pilgrimage, management guides, economic reports and sets of represented actions and
behaviours within various cultural, management and marketing contexts. A key strength of the
series is the presentation of current and diverse empirical research insights on aspects of religious
tourism and pilgrimage, juxtaposing this with state-of-the-art reflections on the emerging theoretical
foundations of the subject matter.
The series illustrates the principles related to religion, pilgrimage and the management of tour-
ist sites. It aims to provide a useful resource for researchers and students of the subject, and increase
understanding of this vital aspect of tourism studies.
Titles available
Pilgrimage and Tourism to Holy Cities: Ideological and Management Perspectives
Edited by Maria Leppäkari and Kevin Griffin
Conflicts, Religion and Culture in Tourism
Edited by Razaq Raj and Kevin Griffin
The Many Voices of Pilgrimage and Reconciliation
Edited by Ian S. McIntosh and Lesley D. Harman
Local Identities and Transnational Cults within Europe
Edited by Fiorella Giacalone and Kevin Griffin
Religious Pilgrimage Routes and Trails: Sustainable Development and Management
Edited by Anna Trono and Daniel Olsen
Risk and Safety Challenges for Religious Tourism and Events
Edited by Maximiliano E. Korstanje, Kevin Griffin and Razaq Raj
Titles in preparation
Religious Tourism in Asia
Edited by Shin Yasuda, Razaq Raj and Kevin Griffin
Islamic Tourism: Management of Travel Destinations
Edited by Ahmad Jamal, Kevin Griffin and Razaq Raj
Managing Religious Tourism
Edited by Maureen Griffiths and Peter Wiltshier
Risk and Safety Challenges
for Religious Tourism and Events
Edited by
Maximiliano E. Korstanje
University of Palermo, Argentina
Razaq Raj
Leeds Beckett University, UK
and
Kevin Griffin
Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland
CABI is a trading name of CAB International
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Korstanje, Maximiliano, editor.
Title: Risk and safety challenges for religious tourism and events / edited
by Maximiliano E Korstanje, Kevin A Griffin and Razaq Raj.
Description: Oxfordshire, UK : CABI, [2018] | Series: CABI religious tourism
and pilgrimage series | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017054580 (print) | LCCN 2018013655 (ebook) | ISBN
9781786392299 (pdf) | ISBN 9781786392305 (ePub) | ISBN
9781786392282 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Tourism--Religious aspects.
Classification: LCC G156.5.R44 (ebook) | LCC G156.5.R44 R56 2018 (print) |
DDC 363.32/3--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017054580
ISBN: 978 1 78639 228 2 (hardback)
978 1 78639 229 9 (e-book)
978 1 78639 230 5 (e-pub)
Commissioning editor: Claire Parfitt
Associate editor: Alexandra Lainsbury
Production editor: Ali Brown
Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India
Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Contents
Contributors vii
PART I RISK MANAGEMENT
1 Risk and Safety Challenges Facing Religious Tourism:
An Introduction 1
Razaq Raj, Kevin Griffin and Maximiliano E. Korstanje
2 Religion, Ideology and Terrorism 8
Alan Clarke
3 Risk Assessment and Disaster Management for Religious Events 18
Razaq Raj and Kevin Griffin
4 Risk of Terrorism and Crime on the Tourism Industry 26
Ayesha Chowdhury and Razaq Raj
5 Tourism Security: The Evolution of Theory 35
Maximiliano E. Korstanje
6 Religious Risk Perceptions for Medical Travellers 43
Yasin Bilim and Aynur Gülenç Birsen
PART II MANAGING FOR RISK – ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
7 Hajj: The Movement and Behaviour of Crowds 52
Jahanzeeb Qurashi
8 Rethinking Safety Issues within the context
of Pilgrimage Routes 63
Carlos Fernandes, Goretti Silva and Martín Gómez-Ullate
9 Risk Assessment and the Religious Event Space:
The Context for the Risk Assessment 77
Bernadette Theodore
v
vi Contents
10 Travelling through a Hostile World: The Expansion of Terror in
American Culture 89
Maximiliano E. Korstanje, Geoffrey Skoll and Hugues Seraphin
11 Risk Management or the Right to Ritual: Attempting to Control
the Masses at the Kumbh Mela 102
Danielle Griffin, Yadukrishna Puthanparambil Radhakrishnan and Kevin Griffin
PART III RISK CHALLENGES AND ISSUES – GLOBAL CASE STUDIES
12 Terrorists and the Dehumanization of the Other 113
Maximiliano E. Korstanje
13 Hospitality, Tourism, Terrorism: Creating a Security-conscious Culture 123
Cyril Peter
14 A Risky Delight: The Dangers of Being a Participant in a Maltese Festa 134
George Cassar and Dane Munro
15 Discussion Questions 147
Maximiliano E. Korstanje, Razaq Raj and Kevin Griffin
Index 151
Contributors
Yasin Bilim completed his bachelor degree in the Tourism Management Department, Tourism and
Hotel Management School, Erciyes University, Turkey. He has MA and PhD degrees in the area of
Tourism Management. He has published nationally and internationally on tourism marketing,
religious tourism and research methods. He is currently working in Turkey in Necmettin Erbakan
University, in the Faculty of Tourism, in the Tourism Management Department. E-mail: ybilim@
yahoo.com
Aynur Gülenç Birsen completed her bachelor degree from the English Teaching department in
Atatürk University, Turkey. She has an MA degree in the field of Management from Sütçü Iṁ am
University, Institute of Social Sciences. She worked in different secondary and high schools as an
English teacher and a lecturer in Sütçü Iṁ am University and Necmettin Erbakan University. She
has been doing her doctorate degree in Tourism Management at Necmettin Erbakan University,
Faculty of Tourism, and working as a lecturer in the same university in the Tourism Management
Department, Konya, Turkey, since 2013. E-mail: [email protected]
George Cassar is Associate Professor at the University of Malta. He has authored or edited numer-
ous publications in the areas of History, Education, Social Studies, Sociology, Tourism, Heritage
and Culture. He is the editor of the journals Sacra Militia, Arkivju, and The Educator. He has been
active in EU projects for many years and has extensive experience in the management of such pro-
jects. He holds the awards ‘Ġieh̵ il-Mosta’ from the Mosta Local Council, the ‘Grazzi Badge’ from
the Scouts Association of Malta, and the ‘Commendatore pro Merito Melitensi’ from the Sovereign
Military Order of Malta. E-mail: [email protected]
Ayesha Chowdhury is a doctoral researcher in International Terrorism. Ayesha’s research involves
looking at terrorism studies from a legal perspective. She is currently working as a Graduate Teach-
ing Assistant in the Law School, Leeds Beckett University. She is also qualified as a barrister
(Lincoln’s Inn) (non-practising). E-mail: [email protected]
Alan Clarke works at the University of Pannonia in Veszprém, Hungary. His work is focused on cul-
tural and heritage tourism, with a recent emphasis on stakeholder analysis and sustainable devel-
opment in religious tourism. He is also the Co-Director of the Balaton Research Institute (BATUKI),
which is promoting research in communities around the Balaton. He has published widely in tour-
ism policy, cultural tourism, hospitality, community festivals and events. From next year he will be
Editor-in-Chief of the Routledge International Journal of Spa and Wellness. E-mail: alanhungary@
hotmail.com
Carlos Fernandes is Associate Professor in Tourism Studies at the Polytechnic Institute of Viana do
Castelo, Portugal. He obtained his BA degree at Syracuse University, his MA at Rutgers University
vii
viii Contributors
and his PhD at Bournemouth University (UK). His interests include tourism destination manage-
ment, tourism innovation and tourism as a development strategy for rural areas. In recent years,
he has conducted research and/or consultancy within various special interest areas including:
events management, cultural and creative tourism, gastronomy, and religious tourism and pil-
grimage. He is a member of the editorial board of various tourism-related scientific journals and
Books Editor of the International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. E-mail: cfernandes@
estg.ipvc.pt
Danielle Griffin obtained her BSc (Hons) in Event Management at Dublin Institute of Technology
(DIT) in 2010. After many years working in the industry she has returned to academic life to ob-
tain her Master’s in Event Management at DIT. She has a keen interest in risk management and
religious tourism, with particular focus on crowd safety at religious events and pilgrimages.
E-mail: [email protected]
Kevin Griffin is a lecturer in tourism at the Dublin Institute of Technology where he teaches stu-
dents from undergraduate to PhD level. His research interests are broad, but primarily encompass
a range of tourism themes such as heritage, culture, social tourism, the pedagogy of fieldwork
and, in particular, religious tourism and pilgrimage. He is co-founder of the International Journal of
Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. His main recent publications include: Cultural Tourism (2013,
edited with Raj and Morpeth); Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Management: An International Per-
spective (2nd edn) (2015, edited with Raj); Conflicts, Challenges, Religion and Culture (2017, edited
with Raj). E-mail: [email protected]
Maximiliano E. Korstanje is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Palermo, Argentina. He was
appointed Fellow at CERS University of Leeds in 2015 and the University of La Habana, Cuba in
2016. He serves as Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Cyber-warfare and Terrorism (IGI
Global), Regional Editor for Latin America in the International Journal for Human Rights (Indersci-
ence), Editor for South America in the International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Manage-
ment (Emerald) and advisory board member of Tourism Review International (Cognizant Communi-
cation). His recent books include The Rise of Thana Capitalism and Tourism (Routledge) and Terrorism
in a Global Village (Nova Science). E-mail: [email protected]
Dane Munro is a lecturer at the Institute for Tourism, Travel and Culture (ITTC), University of
Malta. He is regarded as the local expert on religious tourism and pilgrimage. He is also a tourism
practitioner, working as a cultural interpreter and guide. E-mail: [email protected]
Cyril Peter is passionate about hospitality and creating rewarding experiences for guests. While this
explains his love for preparing and serving his natural Sri Lankan food to others, it also crosses
over to the desire to provide security to those in his care. With a history in the hospitality industry
it has become an enduring desire to ensure the industry is as prepared as possible in the face of
rising acts of terrorism. His Master’s explored this initially, and subsequent research articles and
conference papers have continued the same theme in more depth and with more specialities.
E-mail: [email protected]
Jahanzeeb Qurashi is a doctoral researcher (Tourism & Hospitality) at the University of Central
Lancashire. He obtained his BA and MA degrees from University of Birmingham, his MBA from
the University of Chester and his Postgraduate Certificate from the University of Central Lanca-
shire. His interests include Commodification of Religious Tourism, varying experiences of pil-
grims/tourists in religious tourism, destination management, contemporary hospitality, event
management, SMART media technologies’ role in tourism, and heritage tourism. He is a member
of the Scientific Committee of the International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, and also
of the Institute for Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. E-mail: [email protected]
Yadukrishna P.R. (Yadukrishna Puthanparambil Radhakrishnan) is a postgraduate research
student in the School of Hospitality Management and Tourism, Dublin Institute of Technology,
Ireland. His research interests focus on religious tourism; Hindu religious tourism; and cultural
and religious motivations, behaviours and expectations in tourism. He holds a bachelor’s degree
in Commerce from St Joseph’s College, Calicut, India, and on graduating he worked in the tourism
industry for a period of three years before travelling to Ireland to undertake his postgraduate
Contributors ix
studies, where he earned an MSc in Tourism Management from DIT. He now undertakes further
postgraduate studies on religious tourism, with an emphasis on pilgrimages in his home state of
Kerala. E-mail: [email protected]
Razaq Raj is an internationally renowned academic with over 17 years’ higher education experi-
ence of teaching and research in the UK, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, China and South
Korea. He is Principal Lecturer for Research and Enterprise and Visiting Professor at the Kedge
Business School, France and University of Vitez, Bosnia. He has substantial external examining
and curriculum development experience of both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in
business management, events and tourism. He is founding co-editor of the International Journal of
Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage and Series Editor for CABI’s Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage
Series (with Kevin Griffin). E-mail: [email protected]
Hugues Seraphin is a Senior Lecturer in Event and Tourism Management Studies at The University
of Winchester. His research focuses on post-colonial, post-conflict and post-disaster destinations.
He joined the University of Winchester Business School in 2012 and has been teaching for some
15 years. He started his career as a lecturer in French at Golden Hillock School, Birmingham, UK,
and then taught Travel and Tourism at Kingston College, London. He was also a visiting lecturer at
Normandy Business School, Sup de Co Larochelle, ESC Pau, IEFT/IDRAC and Université de Perpi-
gnan Via Domitia (all in France). E-mail: [email protected]
Goretti Silva holds a degree and a PhD in Tourism (2012). She is associate professor in Tourism
Studies at the Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Portugal. She participated in R&D inter-
national and national projects. Research interests and publications encompass several tourism
themes such as entrepreneurship, culture, events, rural and accessible tourism, but also religious
tourism and pilgrimage. Recently she has started her own business in the tourism sector. E-mail:
[email protected]
Geoffrey R. Skoll is Associate Professor Emeritus of Criminal Justice at Buffalo State College, USA.
He has published countless papers and books with focus in fear and terrorism. Today he is one of
the leading experts in the sociology of terrorism and criminology in the world. His books include
Globalization of American Culture (Palgrave Macmillan), The Dialectics of Social Thoughts (Pal-
grave Macmillan) and Social Theory of Fear (Palgrave Macmillan). E-mail: skollgr@buffalostate.
edu [email protected]
Bernadette Theodore has been a Senior Lecturer at the UK Centre for Event Management for over
10 years. A specialist in state and civic events, international VIP protocol and VIP security, Berna-
dette served Her Excellency Dame Pearlette Louisy, the Head of State of Saint Lucia, for over
10 years as her Aide de Camp at the Office of the Governor General in St Lucia. Her interests lie
within the areas of health and safety, risk management and security, state and civic protocol, VIP
security at events, cultural protocols and their impact on event delivery, and health and safety in
liminal spaces. She has recently co-authored a book chapter on ‘Rave culture: free party or pro-
test’. E-mail: [email protected]
Martín Gómez-Ullate is a researcher-professor at the University of Extremadura. Holds a PhD in
Social Anthropology and has lectured in public universities and research centers in Portugal,
France, Mexico and Spain. Has developed research in different fields and lines as identity, social
representations and intercultural relationships, cultural heritage, qualitative methodology and
shared musical heritage and cultural tourism. He is coordinating the Strategic Partnership
(KA203) in Erasmus and Cultour. Innovation and capacity building in cultural tourism, entrepre-
neurship for European Cultural Routes. E-mail: [email protected]