Table Of ContentRISING
FROM THE ASHES
Development Strategies
in Times of Disaster
Q Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
�-
http://taylorandfrancis.com
RISING
FROM THE ASHES
Development Strategies
in Times of Disaster
Mary B. Anderson
and Peter J. Woodrow
Co-Directors
International Relief/Development Project
· Graduate School of Education
Harvard University
~~ ~~o~;~;n~~~up
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 1989 by Westview Press, Inc.
Published 2019 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright© 1989 Taylor & Francis
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Anderson, Mary B., 1939-
Rising from the ashes.
Includes bibliographies.
1. Disaster relief. I. Woodrow, Peter J.
II.Title.
HV553.A58 1989 363.3'48 89-14802
ISBN 13: 978-0-367-28610-1 (hbk)
Contents
Foreword, Federico Mayor vii
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
PART 1: Lessons Learned and
Guidelines for Program Design
Introduction to Part 1: Thinking Development
in a World of Disasters 7
1. A Framework for Analyzing
Capacities and Vulnerabilities 9
2. First Decisions in Programming 27
The Decision to Intervene, 27
North-South Partnerships in Disaster Relief, 35
3. The Context of Programming 39
The Political Context, 39
The International Policy Context, 42
Information Is Power or Who Needs to Know What? 44
4. Dimensions of Programming 49
The Myth of Speed, 49
Scale of Program, 52
Duration of Programming, 54
5. People and Programming 61
Project Participants, 61
Women and Gender Considerations, 66
The Uprooted: Refugees as a Special Case? 68
6. Approaches to Programming 75
Personnel (When a Northern NGO Intervenes), 75
Expertise, 79
Education and Training, 83
7. Cooperation and Accountability in Programming 89
Coordination with Other Agencies, 89
Monitoring and Evaluation,·92
8. Conclusion: Closing the Gap Between
Principles, Policies and Practice 95
vi CONTENTS
PART D: IRDP Case Histories
Introduction to Part D: Background and Development
of IRDP Case Histories 105
1. Wollo Rehabilitation and Disaster Prevention
Projects, Wollo, Ethiopia 111
2. Ethiopia Emergency Program,
Yifat na Timuga, Ethiopia 135
3. Proyedo Nueva Vida Armero,
Armero, Colombia 157
4. Cereal Banks in Burkina Faso:
Food Security, Drought, and Development 185
5. Kordofan Agroforestry Extension Project,
Northern Kordofan, Sudan
6. Earthquake Housing Reconstruction and
Rural Development, Joyabaj, Quiche, Guatemala 225
7. Local Resource Management Project, Santo Domingo,·
Albay, Bicol Region, Philippines 241
8. Qala en Nahal Refugee Settlement Project,
Eastern Sudan 259
9. Nomad Program, Tin Aicha, Mali 279
10. Promotion of Health Care Among Khmer Refugees
in Greenhill Site B, Surin, Thailand 301
11. Northeast Thailand Project, Surin, Thailand 315
Appendix A: Annotated List of Additional
IRDP Case Histories 329
Appendix B: Bibliography 337
Foreword
According to United Nations reports, over the past two decades
natural disasters have killed some 3 million people, upset the lives of at
least a further 800 million, and caused damage in excess of 23 billion US
dollars. This book presents a fair and optimistic account of alternative
responses to these disaster situations, which affect so many millions of
people every year. The combination of analysis and guidelines it contains
is in line with Unesco's own concerns in helping the most deprived people
to help themselves in critical situations. That is why the Organization is
co-publishing it.
The General Assembly of the United Nations has designated the 1990s
as a decade in which the international community, under the auspices of
the United Nations, will pay special attention to fostering international
cooperation in the field of natural disaster reduction. The main objective of
the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction is to promote
disaster-preventive measures and post-disaster action. The General
Assembly has expressly recognized the need for devising strategies for
applying existing knowledge of disaster response, taking into account the
cultural and economic diversity antong nations. In this, as witnessed by the
accounts given in this book of relevant experiences in Asia, Africa and Latin
America, non-governmental organizations have an important contribution
to make. This publication is thus a timely contribution, highlighting as it
does the significant role of grassroots organizations in complementing that
of governments and intergovernmental organizations in situations of
disaster relief and illustrating how creative local initiatives can result in the
mutual reinforcement of emergency relief and development programs.
Unesco will continue to work jointly with governments and with the
non-governmental organizations, especially as this relates to development
for and by the most vulnerable at critical times when natural or man-made
disasters strike. This book provides a welcome addition to our limited
knowledge of ways and means by which the international community can
help mobilize peoples and societies to cope with disasters, to recover, and
to develop their capacities to link short-term emergency assistance with
long-term human and natural resource development.
Federico Mayor
Director-General of Unesco
Paris
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Acknowledgments
Most books represent the involvement and ideas of more individuals
than those whose names are listed as authors. This is abundantly true in
this case. We are indebted to many people.
These people include the several dozen individuals who actively
assisted us during each of thirty field visits and the staff people from the
headquarters of over fifty NGOs in Europe and North America who
collaborated on the project. Also included are the numerous individuals in
research centers, international donor agencies, U.N. agencies, universities,
and NGO consortia who participated in our explorations.
The number is so large that we tremble at the challenge of naming
individuals, lest we leave out too many. Yet we must name some.
First, Dawn P. Trainor, who, with patience, humor and skill,
supported, thought and worked with us when we were in the field or at
home, and who, when all was said and done, got the manuscript into
publishable form in spite of our frequent changes of mind and incessant
editing.
Hussein M. Adam, Senior Project Associate, brought valuable ideas
and his unique perspective to the entire project process. He also served as
an informal ambassador and inveterate networker for the effort.
Our 11COre group," which included Peggy Antrobus, Tim Brodhead,
Goran Hyden, Noel McGinn and Donald Schramm, provided days of
enthusiastic grappling with issues and useful guidance to the project. Thus,
they share with us responsibility for the framework and structure of both
the research and this book.
The IRDP Advisory Panel, including representatives of each of the
NGOs which participated in the project, was a rich source of experience
and challenge. Their participation has been a crucial part of the process of
developing the ideas in this book. While many people have been engaged
with us from the NGOs, there are a few who served beyond the call of duty:
Robert T. Snow of Oxfam America and later American Jewish World
Service; Nancy Nicalo of Church World Service; Jacques Cuenod of
ACORD and later ICVA; and Gunnar Hagman of the Henry-Dunant
Institute.
Several others worked with us as researchers and writers in the
process of developing the case histories: Mohamed Hassan Farah, Hady M.
Ly, Roberto Muj Miculax, Mark Nieuwkerk, Ronald Parker, Ann K.
Qualman, Donald Schramm, Robert Thomson, Daniel Torrealba, and
