Rights, Resources and Rural Development: Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa

300 Pages·2004·0.84 MB·English

by  Christo Fabricius

Rights, Resources and
Rural Development
Community-based Natural Resource
Management in Southern Africa
EDITED BY
CHRISTO FABRICIUS AND EDDIE KOCH
WITH
HECTOR MAGOME AND STEPHEN TURNER
London • Sterling, VA
First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2004
Copyright © Christo Fabricius and Eddie Koch, 2004
All rights reserved
ISBN: 1-84407-009-3 paperback
1-84407-010-7 hardback
Typesetting by MapSet Ltd, Gateshead, UK
Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press Ltd
Cover design by Danny Gillespie
Cover illustrations © Richard Kilpert
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rights, resources & rural development : community based natural resource
management in Southern Africa / edited by Christo Fabricius ... [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-84407-009-3 (pbk.) — ISBN 1-84407-010-7 (hb)
1. Natural resources—Africa, Southern—Management. 2. Conservation of
natural resources—Economic aspects—Africa, Southern. 3. Rural development—
Environmental aspects—Africa, Southern. 4. Local government—Africa, Southern.
I. Title: Rights, resources and rural development. II. Fabricius, Christo, 1956–
HC900.Z65R54 2004
333.7'0968–dc22
2003014962
This book is printed on elemental-chlorine-free paper
Contents
List of figures, tables and boxes v
List of contributors vii
Acknowledgements ix
List of acronyms and abbreviations x
Introduction xiii
Christo Fabricius and Eddie Koch
PART 1: SYNTHESIS
1 The fundamentals of community-based natural resource
management 3
Christo Fabricius
2 Community-based natural resource management and rural
livelihoods 44
Stephen Turner
3 Political economy, governance and community-based natural
resource management 66
Eddie Koch
4 Putting out fires: Does the ‘C’ in CBNRM stand for community
or centrifuge? 78
Eddie Koch
5 Reconciling biodiversity conservation with rural development:
The Holy Grail of CBNRM? 93
Hector Magome and Christo Fabricius
PART 2: CASE STUDIES
6 Community-based natural resource management, traditional
governance and spiritual ecology in southern Africa: The case of
chiefs, diviners and spirit mediums 115
Penny Bernard and Sibongiseni Kumalo
7 The contribution of bees to livelihoods in southern Africa 127
Etienne Nel and Pete Illgner
iv Rights, Resources and Rural Development
8 Everyday resources are valuable enough for community-based
natural resource management programme support: Evidence from
South Africa 135
Sheona Shackleton and Charlie Shackleton
9 Community-based natural resource management in the
Okavango Delta 147
Lesley Boggs
10 Local ecological knowledge and the Basarwa in the
Okavango Delta: The case of Xaxaba, Ngamiland District 160
Masego Madzwamuse and Christo Fabricius
11 A land without fences: Range management in Lesotho 174
Stephen Turner
12 Beach village committees as a vehicle for community participation:
Lake Malombe/Upper Shire River Participatory Programme 182
Mafaniso Hara
13 Key issues in Namibia’s communal conservancy movement 194
Colin Nott and Margaret Jacobsohn
14 The Torra Conservancy in Namibia 200
Colin Nott, Anna Davis and Bernard Roman
15 The Tchumo Tchato project in Mozambique: Community-based
natural resource management in transition 210
Steve Johnson
16 The Richtersveld and Makuleke contractual parks in South Africa:
Win–win for communities and conservation? 223
Hannah Reid and Stephen Turner
17 The Luangwa Integrated Rural Development Project, Zambia 235
Brian Child
18 Community wildlife management in Zimbabwe: The case of
CAMPFIRE in the Zambezi Valley 248
Backson Sibanda
19 New configurations of power around Mafungautsi State Forest
in Zimbabwe 259
Bevlyne Sithole
Conclusions and recommendations: What we have learned from a
decade of experimentation 271
Christo Fabricius, Eddie Koch, Stephen Turner, Hector Magome
and Lawrence Sisitka
Index 282
List of figures, tables and boxes
FIGURES
1.1 The environmental entitlements approach and its application to
people–natural resource relationships 26
1.2 The participatory resource management continuum 31
8.1 Contribution of woodland products to rural livelihoods 137
10.1 The adaptive renewal cycle 161
12.1 Estimated total catch from Lake Malombe 183
12.2 Estimated catch from the Upper Shire River 184
17.1 The pre-1996 top-down structure of the community programme 242
17.2 Changes to the programme following the introduction of a
policy emphasizing fiscal devolution at village level in 1996 243
17.3 Illustration of the difference between first- and second-generation
CBNRM and its impacts on the public–private nature of
resources and community attitudes 244
19.1 Control of key positions in different committees of the RMCs
by the kraalhead’s family in Mrembwe village 264
19.2 Positions held by the most influential person in Mrembwe village 265
20.1 A CBNRM systems model 273
TABLES
1.1 The characteristics of case-by-case management 20
1.2 A typology of participation 29
1.3 Intangible benefits from CBNRM 34
2.1 Annual, gross direct-use values (in South African rand) per
household of timber use by rural households from various sites 51
2.2 Quantum and per household direct financial benefits from
CBNRM 56
5.1 Conditions for effective CBNRM 102
5.2 Five incomplete arguments in the new protectionist paradigm 104
9.1 Direct financial benefits from the joint venture to Sankuyo,
1996–2000 153
10.1 Livelihood options in Xaxaba and Khwai 169
vi Rights, Resources and Rural Development
14.1 Estimated game numbers for Kunene region and Torra
Conservancy 202
14.2 Income and expenditure from commercial tourism and wildlife
activities in Torra Conservancy 107
17.1 Principles embodied in LIRDP’s 1996 CBNRM proposal,
stipulating conditions for the release of wildlife funds 238
17.2 The application of the CAMPFIRE principles of CBNRM to
the Lupande project 245
BOXES
1.1 International agreements affecting people–natural resource
relationships in southern Africa 11
1.2 CAMPFIRE principles of CBNRM 16
1.3 Rules for lasting common property institutions 17
1.4 Principles for improving the chances of success of CBNRM
initiatives, and criteria for evaluating them 18
8.1 The story of everyday resources in an ordinary rural life 144
List of contributors
Penny Bernard is a lecturer in the Department of Anthropology, Rhodes
University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
Lesley Boggs is an independent researcher and consultant, based in Botswana
and Canada.
Brian Child is coordinator of the Luangwa Integrated Rural Development
Project (LIRDP) in Zambia.
Anna Davis is an independent researcher in Namibia.
Christo Fabricius is Professor of Environmental Science, Rhodes University,
Grahamstown, South Africa.
Mafaniso Hara is a senior researcher in the Programme for Land and Agrarian
Studies, University of the Western Cape, South Africa.
Pete Illgner is an environmental consultant with Coastal and Environmental
Services in Grahamstown, South Africa.
Margaret Jacobsohn is Director of Integrated Rural Development and Nature
Conservation in Namibia.
Steve Johnson is a researcher with IUCN–World Conservation Union in
Botswana.
Eddie Koch is a Director of Mafisa Research and Development, South Africa.
Sibongiseni Kumalo is a post-graduate student in the Department of
Anthropology, Rhodes University.
Masego Madzwamuse is country coordinator of IUCN–World Conservation
Union in Botswana.
Hector Magome is Director of the Conservation Services in South African
National Parks.
viii Rights, Resources and Rural Development
Etienne Nel is Head of the Department of Geography, Rhodes University,
South Africa.
Colin Nott is a freelance consultant in Namibia.
Hannah Reid is a research associate with the International Institute for
Environment and Development (IIED) in London.
Bernard Roman is an independent researcher in Namibia.
Charlie Shackleton is Associate Professor in the Department of Environmental
Science, Rhodes University, South Africa.
Sheona Shackleton is a research associate in the Department of Environmental
Science, Rhodes University, South Africa.
Backson Sibanda is Chief Evaluation Specialist with UNESCO in Paris, France.
Lawrence Sisitka is an independent environmental education and development
consultant in Grahamstown, South Africa.
Bevlyne Sithole is a freelance researcher in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Stephen Turner is a researcher in the Resource Development Unit, Centre for
Development Cooperation Services, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.
Acknowledgements
The editors wish to thank the Ford Foundation and the Deutsche Gesellschaft
für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Transform project for the generous
financial support that made this book possible. Thanks are due, in particular,
to James Murombedzi (formerly of the Ford Foundation) and Johannes
Baumgart (Transform) for their patience, and to Sue Southwood, Andrew
Ainslie and Samantha Browne for their good proof-reading. We are indebted
to the many government officials, facilitators and rural people throughout
southern Africa who helped us to learn about natural resource management.
Christo Fabricius wishes to thank his colleagues and students, past and
present, for their support and stimulation, and Rhodes University for the time
and freedom to edit this book.
List of acronyms and abbreviations
ADC area development committee
ADMADE Administrative Management Design for Game Management
Areas (Zambia)
BVC beach village committee
CAMPFIRE Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous
Resources (Zimbabwe)
CASS Centre for Applied Social Studies (University of Zimbabwe)
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CBNRM community-based natural resource management
CBO community-based organization
CCD Convention to Combat Desertification
CDO community development organization
CHA controlled hunting area
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora
CMA community management area
CPA Communal Property Association
CPPPs community private–public partnerships
CPR common pool resource
CPT common property theory
DFID Department for International Development (UK)
DNPWLM Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management
(Zimbabwe)
DWNP Department of Wildlife and National Parks (Botswana)
EEC European Economic Community
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FD Fisheries Department (Malawi)
GA grazing association
GDP gross domestic product
GEF Global Environment Facility
GMA game management area
GRZ Government of the Republic of Zambia
GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (German
government agency for international cooperation)
ICDP Integrated Conservation Development Project
IDP Integrated Development Plan
IIED International Institute for Environment and Development