Rice Value Chain Study: Cambodia

244 Pages·2002·7.93 MB·English

by  Agrifood Consulting International

Rice Value Chain Study:
Cambodia

A Report Prepared for the World Bank

By

Agrifood Consulting International

September 2002

AGRIFOOD CONSULTING INTERNATIONAL
Rice Value Chain Study - Cambodia

Preface

A report prepared for the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management (PREM) Unit of
the World Bank by Agrifood Consulting International.

This report1 presents the results of a study into the rice value chain in Cambodia. It is one
of two reports looking at rice value chains in Cambodia and Viet Nam2. The objective of
the two country rice studies is to assess the current situation (constraints, costs, efficiency,
quality) of the rice markets and rice sector value-chains in Viet Nam and Cambodia with a
view to diagnosing issues and proposing policy options, strategies, and practices by which
the competitiveness of the rice sector in each country can be enhanced.

This is done with a view to proposing means by which returns to producers and the value
added by the sector in each country can be enhanced. The studies pay particular attention
to how such policies, strategies, and practices may benefit poorer populations engaged in
this sector, such as small farmers. They also pay particular attention to issues of quality
and strategic international marketing of the product that would increase domestic value
added. In so doing, the country studies take into account regional differences within
countries, as well as differences in rice varieties and their prospects in global markets.

The fieldwork for the studies was carried out over four weeks in July and August 2002
(Cambodia from 10 July to 24 July and Viet Nam from 24 July to 8 August). The studies
involved the analysis of background data, field trips and key informant interviews with
people involved in all sectors of the rice chain.

The report for Cambodia is the result of a joint effort by the Study Team of Tim Purcell and
Karl Rich of Agrifood Consulting International. The Study Team would like to thank all
those people who assisted in providing information and help in completing the report. In
particular the team would like to express their appreciation to Mr. Srey Vuthi, Chief, Mr.
Lim Saody, Vice Chief, and the staff of the Office of Agricultural Marketing, MAFF, for the
excellent support and sharing of information.

The views expressed in this report are those of the consultants and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the World Bank or the Royal Government of Cambodia.

Francesco Goletti
President, Agrifood Consulting International
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
13 September 2002

AGRIFOOD CONSULTING INTERNATIONAL

1 Agrifood Consulting International (2002) Rice Value Chain Study: Cambodia. A Report Prepared for the
World Bank. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Agrifood Consulting International.
2 Agrifood Consulting International (2002) Rice Value Chain Study: Viet Nam. A Report Prepared for the
World Bank. Ha Noi, Viet Nam. Agrifood Consulting International.
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Rice Value Chain Study - Cambodia

Table of Contents

Preface................................................................................................................................2
Table of Contents................................................................................................................3
List of Tables.......................................................................................................................5
List of Figures......................................................................................................................9
List of Boxes......................................................................................................................11
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms..................................................................................12
Executive Summary..........................................................................................................13
1 Introduction................................................................................................................15
2 Background to Study..................................................................................................17
3 Global Rice Trade and Major Issues..........................................................................19
3.1 Major Exporters...................................................................................................19
3.2 Major Importers...................................................................................................20
4 Overview of the Rice Industry in Cambodia...............................................................22
4.1 Topography and Climate.....................................................................................22
4.2 Demographics and the Agricultural Sector..........................................................22
4.3 Rice and Rural Poverty in Cambodia..................................................................23
4.4 Production...........................................................................................................25
4.5 Prices..................................................................................................................27
4.6 Trade..................................................................................................................28
4.7 Credit Services....................................................................................................29
4.7.1 Major Rural Credit Providers in Cambodia......................................................30
4.7.2 Credit Access and Uses in the Rice Value Chain............................................32
4.7.2.1 Credit Access and Uses by Farmers....................................................32
4.7.2.2 Credit Access and Uses by Millers.......................................................33
4.7.2.3 Credit Access and Uses by Traders and Wholesalers..........................33
4.7.2.4 Credit Access and Uses by Retailers ...................................................34
4.7.2.5 Credit Access and Uses by Exporters..................................................34
4.7.3 Issues and Constraints in the Provision of Credit in Cambodia.......................34
5 Value Chain...............................................................................................................36
5.1 Overview.............................................................................................................36
5.2 Value Chain Analysis..........................................................................................38
5.2.1 Producers........................................................................................................38
5.2.1.1 Seed Inputs..........................................................................................38
5.2.1.2 Fertilizer Inputs.....................................................................................40
5.2.1.3 Pesticide Inputs....................................................................................42
5.2.1.4 Irrigation Inputs.....................................................................................43
5.2.1.5 Labor Inputs..........................................................................................44
5.2.1.6 Costs and Margins................................................................................45
5.2.1.7 Constraints...........................................................................................46
5.2.2 Collectors........................................................................................................51
5.2.2.1 Costs and Margins................................................................................52
5.2.2.2 Constraints...........................................................................................52
5.2.3 Millers..............................................................................................................54
5.2.3.1 Costs and Margins................................................................................57
5.2.3.2 Constraints...........................................................................................58
5.2.4 Traders............................................................................................................62
5.2.4.1 Transportation......................................................................................62
5.2.4.2 Trade Flows..........................................................................................63
5.2.4.3 Institutional Purchases..........................................................................68
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Rice Value Chain Study - Cambodia
5.2.4.4 Storage.................................................................................................69
5.2.4.5 Costs and Margins................................................................................70
5.2.4.6 Constraints...........................................................................................70
5.2.5 Retailers..........................................................................................................73
5.2.5.1 Costs and Margins................................................................................74
5.2.5.2 Constraints...........................................................................................74
5.2.6 Exporters.........................................................................................................75
5.2.6.1 Costs and Margins................................................................................75
5.2.6.2 Constraints...........................................................................................76
5.2.7 End Users .......................................................................................................77
5.3 Marketing Margins..............................................................................................78
5.4 Marketing Chain..................................................................................................79
6 Competitiveness and Comparative Advantage of Cambodian Rice...........................80
7 Policy Simulations and Analysis Using CAMSEM......................................................82
7.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................82
7.2 Description and Specification of CAMSEM.........................................................83
7.2.1 Price Block......................................................................................................83
7.2.2 Supply Block....................................................................................................84
7.2.3 Consumption Block.........................................................................................85
7.2.4 Income Block...................................................................................................86
7.2.5 Market Clearing...............................................................................................86
7.3 Policy Simulations...............................................................................................86
7.3.1 Simulation results............................................................................................87
7.3.1.1 Improvements in Productivity................................................................87
7.3.1.2 Improvements in Technology................................................................87
7.3.1.3 Improvements in Infrastructure.............................................................88
7.4 Conclusions........................................................................................................89
8 Major Constraints and Recommendations.................................................................90
9 Conclusions...............................................................................................................94
10 Tables...................................................................................................................101
11 Figures.................................................................................................................183
References......................................................................................................................234
Terms of Reference ........................................................................................................239
List of Interviews .............................................................................................................243
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Rice Value Chain Study - Cambodia

List of Tables

Table 1 Purchase Price for Seed Grown Under Contract to Golden Seed Company........49
Table 2 World Production of Rice, 1997/98-2001/02.......................................................101
Table 3 World Production of Rice, Selected Countries, 1997/98-2001/02 ......................101
Table 4 World Rice Trade, Selected Countries, 1997/98-2001/02..................................102
Table 5 Comparison of Thailand and Viet Nam prices for high-quality (5 and 15 percent
broken) rice..............................................................................................................103
Table 6 Percentage of High-Quality Rice Exported by Viet Nam, 1994-1998.................103
Table 7 Destinations for U.S. Exports of Rice, 2000/01..................................................103
Table 8 Export Prices for Cambodian Rice - by Variety, 1 August 2002.........................103
Table 9 Export Prices for Rice - Selected Countries, by Variety and Grade – August 2002
.................................................................................................................................104
Table 10 Basic Indicators................................................................................................104
Table 11 Share of Agricultural Sectors in GDP (Current Prices).....................................105
Table 12 Employment, Income and Expenditure - 1999 .................................................105
Table 13 Agricultural Population and Households...........................................................106
Table 14 Performance of Annual Crops Over Time 1991 to 2000...................................107
Table 15 Poverty Levels in Selected Provinces..............................................................108
Table 16 Sources of Growth of Agricultural Gross Value Added.....................................108
Table 17 Average Monthly Household Expenditure by Area, 1997 and 1999.................108
Table 18 1997 Social Indicators of Selected Southeast Asian Countries........................109
Table 19 Expenditure Shares, by Decile of per Capita Consumption..............................109
Table 20 Average Monthly Household Income by Household Income Decile and Stratum,
1999.........................................................................................................................110
Table 21 Contributions to Income from Different Sources...............................................110
Table 22 Human Development Index in Cambodia by Province (1997)..........................111
Table 23 Characteristics of Rice Production Systems.....................................................112
Table 24 Coefficients for Rice Production and Food Balance.........................................113
Table 25 Milling Recovery by Custom and Commercial Mills..........................................113
Table 26 Milling Efficiency of Custom and Commercial Mills..........................................113
Table 27 Milling Recovery Rates, Selected Custom and Commercial Mills....................113
Table 28 Post Harvest Losses - Commercial and Custom Mill Sector............................113
Table 29 Post Harvest Losses by Province.....................................................................114
Table 30 Food Balance for Rice Production – 1992 - 2001.............................................115
Table 31 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2000-2001 – Area Planted
.................................................................................................................................116
Table 32 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2000-2001 – Area Destroyed
.................................................................................................................................117
Table 33 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2000-2001 – Harvesting and
Production................................................................................................................118
Table 34 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2000-2001 – Requirements
and Food Balance....................................................................................................119
Table 35 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2001-2002 - Area Planted
.................................................................................................................................120
Table 36 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2001-2002 - Area Destroyed
.................................................................................................................................121
Table 37 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2001-2002 - Harvesting and
Production................................................................................................................122
Table 38 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2001-2002 - Requirements
and Food Balance....................................................................................................123
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Table 39 Monthly Mill Paddy Prices - Cambodia.............................................................124
Table 40 Monthly Wholesale Rice Prices - Cambodia ....................................................125
Table 41 Monthly Wholesale Rice Prices – Cambodia – Continued...............................126
Table 42 Interest rates in Cambodia, 1996-2001 (%)......................................................127
Table 43 Leading Organizations in the Provision of Rural Credit (December 2000).......127
Table 44 Relative Adoption of Traditional and Improved Varieties of Rice......................128
Table 45 Farmer Reasons for Adoption of IR66..............................................................128
Table 46 Historical Profiles of CAR Varieties..................................................................128
Table 47 Estimated Area Grown to CAR Varieties, Wet Season 2000 ...........................128
Table 48 Characteristics of Selected Rice Varieties Released by CARDI.......................129
Table 49 Seed Classification Systems............................................................................130
Table 50 Production of Seed by CARDI 2000 – 2001 (tonnes).......................................130
Table 51 Purchasers of CAR Varieties from CARDI .......................................................130
Table 52 Production of Certified Seed by AQIP Seed Companies, 2001........................130
Table 53 Reasons for Using Traditional/Improved Varieties...........................................131
Table 54 Source of Seeds...............................................................................................131
Table 55 Utilization of Production....................................................................................131
Table 56 Fertilizer Application Rates...............................................................................132
Table 57 Fertilizers Imported and Distributed by AIC, 1993-2000...................................132
Table 58 Mean Monthly Fertilizer Prices, 1999-2000......................................................132
Table 59 Coefficient of Variation in Fertilizer Prices 1999-2000......................................133
Table 60 Import of Agrochemicals Approved by MAFF in 2001......................................133
Table 61 Pesticide Application Rates..............................................................................133
Table 62 Pesticides Imported and Distributed by AIC between 1980 and 1993..............134
Table 63 Imports and Exports of Rice and Fertilizer - 1990-1999...................................135
Table 64 Mean Monthly Pesticide Prices 1999-2000......................................................135
Table 65 Coefficient of Variation in Pesticide Prices 1999-2000.....................................136
Table 66 Monthly Record of Rice Pest Outbreaks in Cambodian Provinces - 1999........137
Table 67 Rodent Control Measures in Cambodia...........................................................138
Table 68 Irrigation Specifications....................................................................................139
Table 69 Existing irrigation schemes in Cambodia..........................................................140
Table 70 Gross Margins and Proportion of Production Costs for Rice Production..........141
Table 71 Financial Model of Rice Production Systems in Cambodia - 2000...................142
Table 72 Partial Budget for Rice, Single Crop - Takeo Province.....................................142
Table 73 Partial Budget for Rice - Kampong Speu Province...........................................143
Table 74 Partial Budget for Rice - Battambang Province................................................144
Table 75 Partial Budget for Model Rice Cropping System, Tungke Village, Takeo.........145
Table 76 Income from Rice Production in Tungke Village, Takeo...................................145
Table 77 Costs and Returns Wet Season Rice 1997-1998.............................................146
Table 78 Costs and Returns Dry Season Rice 1997-1998..............................................146
Table 79 Percentage of Major Cost Components, Wet Season Crop 1997-1998...........146
Table 80 Percentage of Major Cost Components, Dry Season Crop 1997-1998............146
Table 81 Farmer Consumption and Sales of Paddy........................................................147
Table 82 Partial Budget for Paddy Collector, Takeo.......................................................147
Table 83 Characteristics of Custom and Commercial Rice Mills, Business Structure,....148
Table 84 Characteristics of Custom and Commercial Rice Mills, Financial Management
and Financial Planning Capacity..............................................................................148
Table 85 Characteristics of Custom and Commercial Rice Mills, Mill Production,
Technology and Operations.....................................................................................149
Table 86 Technical Characteristics of Custom Mills........................................................149
Table 87 Technical Characteristics of Commercial Mills.................................................149
Table 88 Sales of Milling By-Products - 2001..................................................................150
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Rice Value Chain Study - Cambodia
Table 89 Estimated Milling Capacity 1998-1999.............................................................150
Table 90 Financial Sources for Millers............................................................................150
Table 91 Performance of Cambodian Rice Mills 1999....................................................151
Table 92 Sales of White Rice by Millers..........................................................................151
Table 93 Mill Utilization Rates - 2000..............................................................................151
Table 94 Number of Mills by Province - 2000..................................................................151
Table 95 Partial Budgets for Custom Millers in Takeo, Kampong Speu, and Battambang
.................................................................................................................................152
Table 96 Sensitivity Analysis to Assess Break-even Capacity for Kampong Speu Mill...152
Table 97 Partial Budgets for Commercial Millers in Kampong Speu, Takeo, and
Battambang..............................................................................................................153
Table 98 Partial Budgets for Custom Mills......................................................................154
Table 99 Partial Budgets for Commercial Mills................................................................155
Table 100 Summary of Constraints in the Milling Sector in Cambodia............................156
Table 101 Volume of Transport in Cambodia - 1993-1999 .............................................156
Table 102 Transportation and Traffic Problems..............................................................157
Table 103 Transportation Costs - Cambodia 1998-2002 ................................................158
Table 104 Fee Collection at Roadblocks, July - August 2000.........................................159
Table 105 Fee Collection on Paddy Trade to Thailand - 2002........................................159
Table 106 Cost of Transportation and Unofficial Costs July 2002...................................160
Table 107 Places and Features for Paddy Trade with Thailand and Viet Nam...............161
Table 108 Trade Flows of Rice and Paddy.....................................................................161
Table 109 Partial Budget for Transporter from Battambang to Phnom Penh and Viet Nam
.................................................................................................................................162
Table 110 Fee Collection on Paddy Trade in Takeo Province - 2000.............................162
Table 111 Cambodia - Vietnam Cross Border Trade in Paddy.......................................163
Table 112 Rice Procurement Contract Details - Police and Army, 2000.........................163
Table 113 Rice procurement and distribution by the World Food Program.....................163
Table 114 Rice Procurement Contract Details – World Food Program, March 2000......164
Table 115 Warehouse Storage for Rice..........................................................................164
Table 116 Wholesale of Rice in Phnom Penh - July 2002 ..............................................164
Table 117 Buying and Sale Price of Imported Jasmine Rice from Thailand....................165
Table 118 Wholesaler Partial Budget - Phnom Penh......................................................166
Table 119 Transportation and Traffic Problems..............................................................167
Table 120 Comparison of Retailers in Cambodia............................................................167
Table 121 Breakdown of Rice Sales by Variety, Sample of Phnom Penh Retailers July
2002.........................................................................................................................167
Table 122 Retail Prices of Rice, by Variety, Sample of Phnom Penh Retailers July 2002
.................................................................................................................................168
Table 123 Retail Prices for Various Rice Varieties, 2001................................................168
Table 124 Margins for Rice Sales by Retailers - 1998....................................................168
Table 125 Preferences for Different Varieties of Rice in Cambodia................................169
Table 126 Summary of Constraints in the Retail Sector in Cambodia.............................169
Table 127 Export Amount & Turnover, 1996-2000..........................................................169
Table 128 Comparison of Transportation Costs for Export from Phnom Penh, 2001-2002
.................................................................................................................................169
Table 129 Potential Export Costs from Kampong Speu and Battambang.......................170
Table 130 Export Costs from Phnom Penh to Sihanouk Ville - 2001..............................170
Table 131 Cost of Milled Rice Export Procedures...........................................................170
Table 132 Estimated Partial Budget for Large Rice Exporter, Phnom Penh...................171
Table 133 Summary of Constraints on Exports in Cambodia..........................................171
Table 134 Preference Criteria for Purchasing Rice.........................................................171
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Table 135 Consumer and Restaurant Preferences for Rice - 2001.................................172
Table 136 Marketing Costs and Margins for Rice, 1998 .................................................172
Table 137 Marketing Costs and Margins for Rice, 2002 .................................................172
Table 138 Summary Table for Rice Marketing Margins..................................................173
Table 139 Computation of NPCs for Various Provinces and Varieties of Rice................173
Table 140 DRC Computations for Cambodian Rice........................................................173
Table 141 Tradable Input Costs for DRC and NPC Calculations....................................174
Table 142 Non-tradable Input Costs for DRC and NPC Calculation...............................175
Table 143 Calculation of DRC and NPC.........................................................................176
Table 144 Sets Used in CAMSEM.................................................................................177
Table 145 Variables Used in CAMSEM ..........................................................................177
Table 146 Simulation 1a: Changes in Prices by Commodity...........................................178
Table 147 Simulation 1a: Changes in Production, Consumption and Trade by Commodity
.................................................................................................................................178
Table 148 Simulation 1a: Changes in Income.................................................................178
Table 149 Simulation 1b: Changes in Prices by Commodity...........................................178
Table 150 Simulation 1b: Changes in Production, Consumption and Trade by Commodity
.................................................................................................................................179
Table 151 Simulation 1b: Changes in Income.................................................................179
Table 152 Simulation 2a: Changes in Prices by Commodity...........................................179
Table 153 Simulation 2a: Changes in Production, Consumption and Trade by Commodity
.................................................................................................................................179
Table 154 Simulation 2a: Changes in Income.................................................................179
Table 155 Simulation 2b: Changes in Prices by Commodity...........................................180
Table 156 Simulation 2b: Changes in Production, Consumption and Trade by Commodity
.................................................................................................................................180
Table 157 Simulation 2b: Changes in Income.................................................................180
Table 158 Simulation 3a: Changes in Prices by Commodity...........................................180
Table 159 Simulation 3a: Changes in Production, Consumption and Trade by Commodity
.................................................................................................................................181
Table 160 Simulation 3a: Changes in Income.................................................................181
Table 161 Simulation 3b: Changes in Prices by Commodity...........................................181
Table 162 Simulation 3b: Changes in Production, Consumption and Trade by Commodity
.................................................................................................................................181
Table 163 Simulation 3b: Changes in Income.................................................................181
Table 164 Major Constraints in the Cambodian Rice Sector...........................................182
Table 165 List of Interviews.............................................................................................243
Table 166 List of Interviews - Continued.........................................................................244

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List of Figures

Figure 1 Rice Cropping Patterns.....................................................................................183
Figure 2 Average Rainfall and Temperature, Phnom Penh.............................................184
Figure 3 Cambodia by Province......................................................................................185
Figure 4 Provinces and Regions of Cambodia................................................................186
Figure 5 Poverty Map of Cambodia – Human Development Index Score.......................187
Figure 6 Production of Paddy and Rice, Food Requirements and Food Balance...........188
Figure 7 Food Balance in Cambodia – 2000-2001..........................................................189
Figure 8 Area of Wet Season Crop under Cultivation 2000-2001...................................190
Figure 9 Area of Dry Season Crop under Cultivation 2000-2001....................................191
Figure 10 Food Balance in Cambodia – 2001-2002........................................................192
Figure 11 Area of Wet Season Crop under Cultivation 2001-2002.................................193
Figure 12 Area of Dry Season Crop under Cultivation 2001-2002..................................194
Figure 13 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Banteay Meanchey.............195
Figure 14 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Battambang........................196
Figure 15 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Kampong Cham..................197
Figure 16 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Kampong Chhnang.............198
Figure 17 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Kampot and Kandal............199
Figure 18 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Phnom Penh.......................200
Figure 19 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Prey Veng...........................201
Figure 20 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Siem Reap..........................202
Figure 21 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Sihanouk Ville.....................203
Figure 22 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Takeo..................................204
Figure 23 Relationship Between Different Measures of Farm Profitability ......................205
Figure 24 Internal Rate of Return for the Investment in Tubewell and Pump..................206
Figure 25 Commercial Lending to Agriculture in Cambodia, 1998-2001.........................207
Figure 26 Relationship Between Sales of Paddy and Provincial Food Balance 2001-2002
.................................................................................................................................208
Figure 27 Monthly Market Prices for 15-15-15 Fertilizer, Cambodia...............................209
Figure 28 Monthly Market Prices for 16-20-0 Fertilizer, Cambodia.................................210
Figure 29 Monthly Market Prices for 18-46-0 Fertilizer, Cambodia.................................211
Figure 30 Monthly Market Prices for Urea Fertilizer, Cambodia......................................212
Figure 31 Monthly Market Prices for 2,4D Pesticide, Cambodia.....................................213
Figure 32 Monthly Market Prices for Azodrin Pesticide, Cambodia.................................214
Figure 33 Monthly Market Prices for DDT Pesticide, Cambodia.....................................215
Figure 34 Monthly Market Prices for DDVP Pesticide, Cambodia...................................216
Figure 35 Monthly Market Prices for Desil and Diazinon Pesticide, Cambodia...............217
Figure 36 Monthly Market Prices for Hypermetrin Pesticide, Cambodia.........................218
Figure 37 Monthly Market Prices for Phosphidezinc Pesticide, Cambodia .....................219
Figure 38 Monthly Market Prices for Photrin Pesticide, Cambodia.................................220
Figure 39 Monthly Market Prices for Sumisidin and Trifon Pesticide, Cambodia............221
Figure 40 Number of Registered Commercial Mills in Cambodia 1994-2000..................222
Figure 41 Number of Registered Custom Mills in Cambodia 1994-2000 ........................223
Figure 42 Road Network in Cambodia............................................................................224
Figure 43 River Network in Cambodia ............................................................................225
Figure 44 Graph of Transport Fees for Rice/Paddy in Cambodia for Selected Transport
Routes......................................................................................................................226
Figure 45 Marketing Channels in Battambang, Takeo and Kampong Speu Provinces...227
Figure 46 Trade Flows of Rice and Paddy in Cambodia.................................................228
Figure 47 Trade Flows of Rice and Paddy in Cambodia (1998-1999).............................229
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Figure 48 Costs and Margins for Rice Marketing Chain 1998-99, Phaka Khgney Variety
.................................................................................................................................230
Figure 49 Costs and Margins for Rice Marketing Chain 1998-99, Neang Menh Variety.231
Figure 50 Marketing Chain for Cambodia........................................................................232
Figure 51 Framework for Industry Policy.........................................................................233

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