Table Of ContentSpringer Series in Synergetics
Editor: Hermann Haken
Synergetics, an interdisciplinary field of research, is concerned with the cooperation of individual
parts of a system that produces macroscopic spatial, temporal or functional structures. It deals with
deterministic as well as stochastic processes.
Volume 40 Information and Self-Organization
A Macroscopic Approach to Complex Systems By H. Hl),ken
Volume 41 Propagation in Systems Far from Equilibrium
Editors: J. E;. Wesfreid, H. R. Brand, P. Manneville, G. Albinet, N. B6ccara
Volume 42 Neural and Synergetic Computers Editor: H. Haken
Volume 43 Cooperative Dynamics in Complex Physical Systems
Editor: H. Takayama
Volume 44 Optimal Structures in Heterogeneous Reaction Systems
Editor: P. J. Plath
Volume 45 Synergetics of Cognition Editors: H. Haken, M. Stadler
Volume 46 Theories of Immune Networks Editors: H. Atlan, I. R. Cohen
Volume 47 Relative.Information Theories and Applications
By G. Jumarie
Volume 48 Dissipative Structures in Transport Processes and Combustion
Editor: D. Meinkohn
Volume 49 Neuronal Cooperativity Editor: J. Kruger
Volume 50 Synergetic Computers and Cognition
A Top-Down Approach to Neural Nets By H. Haken
Volume 51 Foundations of Synergetics I Distributed Active Systems
By A. S. Mikhailov
Volume 52 Foundations of Synergetics II Complex Patterns
By A. Yu. Loskutov, A. S. Mikhailov
Volume 53 Synergetic Economics By W.-B. Zhang
Volume 54 Quantum Signatures of Chaos By F. Haake
Volume 55 Rbythms in Physiological Systems
Editors: H. Haken, H. P. K6epchen
Volume 56 Quantum Noise By C. W. Gardiner
Volumes 1-39 are listed on the back inside cover
H. Raken H. P. Koepchen (Eds.)
Rhythms in
Physiological Systems
Proceedings of the International Symposium
at SchloB Elmau, Bavaria, October 22-25, 1990
With 208 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hermann Haken
Institut flir Theoretische Physik und Synergetik der Universitat Stuttgart,
Pfaffenwaldring 57fIV, W-7000 Stuttgart 80, Fed. Rep. of Germany and
Center for Complex Systems, Florida Atlantic University,
Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
Professor Dr. Hans Peter Koepchen
Institut flir Physiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Amimallee 22,
1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. of Germany
Series Editor:
Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hermann Haken
Institut flir Theoretische Physik und Synergetik der Universitat Stuttgart,
Pfaffenwaldring 57fIV, W-7000 Stuttgart 80, Fed. Rep. of Germany and
Center for Complex Systems, Florida Atlantic University,
Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76879-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76877-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-76877-4
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Rhythms in physiological systems: proceedings of the
international symposium at Schloss Elmau, Bavaria, October 22-25,19901 H. Haken, H. P. Koepchen (eds.). p. cm.
(Springer series in synergetics; v. 55) ISBN 3-540-54448-8 (Berlin). - ISBN 0-387-54448-8 (New York) 1. Biological
rhythms--Congresses. l. Koepchen, Hans Peter. II. Haken, H. III. Series. QP84.6.R59 1992 591.1 '882-dc20 91-38703
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Preface
Rhythms are a basic phenomenon in all physiological systems. They cover an
enormous range of frequencies with periods from the order of milliseconds up to
some years. They are described by many disciplines and are investigated usually in
the context of the physiology of the respective function or organ. The importance
given to the research on rhythmicity is quite different in different systems. In
some cases where the functional significance is obvious rhythms are at the center
of interest, as in the case of respiration or locomotion. In other fields they are
considered more or less as interesting epiphenomena or at best as indicators without
essential functional significance, as in the case of cardiovascular or EEG rhythms.
Recently the study of physiological rhythms has attracted growing interest
in several fields, especially with respect to rhythm research in humans and its
rapidly spreading applications in basic behavioral research, and as a diagnostic
tool in clinical medicine.
This development was favored by two methodological and conceptual ad
vances: on the one hand, the availability of non-invasive methods of continu
ous recording of physiological parameters and their computer-assisted evaluation,
and on the other, the rapid development of theoretical analyses, for example, the
understanding of dynamic systems, the generation of coordinated macroscopic pro
cesses in systems comprising many single elements, and the mathematical tools
for treating nonlinear oscillators and their mutual coupling.
We confined the topics of this workshop to rhythms in a medium frequency
range in the cardiovascular, respiratory, and motor systems, as well as the electrical
cerebral activity including circadian rhythmicities. Besides the fact that there is
much current interest in all these fields, these systems are quite different in their
morphological and functional characteristics. Therefore the question arose whether
it was actually justified to handle them in a single workshop or whether this would
only lead to an accumulation of uncorrelated findings and concepts.
It was precisely the striking appearance of common principles in the broad
phenomenological variety of rhythms in different systems, however, which en
couraged us to try a combined effort and consider them together. This constimted
the workshop on "Synergetics of Physiological Rhythms", held at Schloss Elmau,
October 22-26, 1990. The contributions to the workshop are c9,llected in this
volume. -
Viewing the numerous rhythmic phenomena described in the different contri
butions it is a fascinating experience to see common basic principles appearing in
the fundamental forms of rhythm coordination. This applies not only to rhythms
v
occurring within one single system but also to the interaction between respiration
and cardiovascuiar functions, for example, or somatomotor and vegetative control
syste~.
The early discoveries of the fundamental and generally valid laws of biological
rhythm coordination started with the classic work of Erich v. Holst on sliding or
"relative" coordination. But in spite of the recognition of the general occurrence
of these principles there was a lack of mathematical tools for a successful theoret
ical treatment of these phenomena. Biologists working in this field have always
suffered from this lack of a thorough theoretical understanding.
In recent decades, the new science of synergetics, starting from the phenomena
of interaction and cooperation between many single constituents of a system,
has provided us with the conceptual understanding and the mathematical tools to
cope also with the extremely complex generation and interactions of physiological
rhythmicity.
Thus the time seemed ripe to bring together the'llltherto mostly separate ap
proaches to cardiorespiratory, motor, and brain rhythm research with the already
highly sophisticated concepts and tools of synergetics. The cardiorespiratory rhyth
micity in the medium frequency range dealt with in this workshop interacts strongly
with the homeostatic feedback control, which has so far been the basis of physio
logical theories in this field. Thus, here we are confronted with the task of linking
the aspects of vegetative autoregulation with the striking rhythmicities in all parts
of these systems.
It is evident that this is an enormous challenge and that one workshop can only
give some guidelines and impetus for the new way that is opened up by synergetics
in this field of biology. We will be happy if this new volume of the synergetics
series motivates colleagues to join us in following this new and fascinating path
of interdisciplinary research.
We wish to cordially thank Ms. Ursiiia.Funke for the traditionally perfect orga
nization of this workshop. We owe thanks to Ms. Jrmgard Moller and Ms. Debo
rah Hollis for their great help in editing these proceedings. This workshop was
made possible by the financial support of the Volkswagen Foundation, Hannover,
within its project on syne~getics. The success of the interdisciplinary field of
synergetics would not have been possible without-the very efficient support of the
Volkswagen Foundation over many years.
Stuttgart, Berlin H. Haken
April 1991 H.P. Koepchen
VI
Contents
Part I Physiological Rhythmicity and Synergetics
Physiology of Rhythms and Control Systems: An Integrative Approach
By H.P. Koepchen (With 12 Figures) ........................ 3
Synergetics - Can It Help Physiology?
By H. Haken (With 7 Figures) .; ............. :.............. 21
Part IT Cardiovascular Rhythms
Autorhythmicity in Blood Vessels: Its Bi()physical and Biochemical Bases
By G. Siegel, H.W. Hofer, A. Walter, K. Riickborn,
F. Schnalke and H.P. Koepchen (With 25 Figures) ............... 35
Role of the Rostroventrolateral Medulla in the Generation of Rhythmicities
of the Sympathetic Activity
By A. Trzebski and S. Baradziej (With 5 Figures) ................ 61
Noninvasive Methods for Studying Rhythmic Nervous Control
of Human Circulation
By A. Lindqvist (With 4 Figures) ........................... 69
The High Pressure System of the Mammalian Circulation
as a Dynamic Self-Organizing System
By H. Schmid-SchOnbein and S. Ziege (With 7 Figures) 77
..
Spectral Analysis of Circulatory Rhythms
and Baroreflex Sensitivity in Man .
By N. Honzikova and B. Fi~r (With 4 Figures) 97
Spectral Analysis of Cardiovascular Variables as a Tool to Quantify
Neural Cardiovascular Control in the Laboratory and Real Life Conditions"
By M. Pagani, O. Rimoldi, P. Pizzinelli, D. Lucini, and A. Malliani
(With 9 Figures) ................................, : . . . . .. 103
Cardiorespiratory Variability: Fractals, White Noise, Nonlinear Oscillators,
and Linear Modeling. What's to Be Learned?
By J. P. Saul (With 10 Figures) ............................ 115
VII
Spectral Analysis as an Assessment of the Neural Control of the Heart:
A Methodological Comparison
By R. Stark and D. Vaitl (With 1 Figure) ...................... 127
Power Laws, Transients, Attractors, and Entropy:
Possible Implications for Cardiovascular Dynamics
By J.P. Zbilut (With 11 Figures) ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 139
Part III Respiratory Rhythms
The Respiratory System - Features of Modulation and Coordination
By F. Raschke (With 7 Figures) ............................ 155
Phase Resetting of Respiratory Rhythm -
Experiments in Animals and Models
By F.L. Eldrige (With 13 Figures) .......................... 165
Rhythmogenesis of Deterministic Breathing Patterns
By C.L. Webber, Jr. (With 12 Figures) ....................... 177
PartN Motor Coordination
Synergetic Dynamics of Biological Coordination
with Special Reference to Phase Attraction and Intermittency
By J.A.S. Kelso, G.C. DeGuzman, and T. Holroyd (With? Figures) 195
Synchronization of Rhythm in Motor Actions
By M. Stadler, S. Vogt and P. Kruse (With 15 Figures) 215
Part V Basis of Circadian Rhythmicities
Interactions Between Human Circadian and (About 90 min)
Sleep Rhythms: Problems in the Simulation and the Analysis
By R.A. Wever (With 10 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 235
Part VI Rhythms in Electrical Activity of the Brain
The Information Content of the Human EEG
By H. Petsche (With 1 Figure) ............................. 257
Synergetics of Evoked Alpha and Theta Rhythms in the Brain:
Topographic and Modality-Dependent Aspects
By E. Ba§ar, C. Ba§ar-Eroglu, E. Rahn, and M. Schiirmann
(With 11 Figures) ...................................... 273
EEG Rhythms - Event-Related Desynchronization and Synchronization
By G. Pfurtscheller (With 7 Figures) ......................... 289
VIII
Part VII Rhythms in Perception
Psychological Modification and Synergetic Modelling
of Perceptual Oscillations
By P. Kruse, M. Stadler, and D. Striiber (With 13 Figures) 299
Part VIII Aspects of Systems Theory
Spatio-Temporal EEG Patterns
By R. Friedrich, A. Fuchs, and H. Haken (With 15 Figures) 315
Information Processing by Systems with Chemical Communication
By A.S. Mikhailov ..................................... 339
Criteria for the Relative Degree of Order in Self-Organization Processes
By Yu.L. Klimontovich .................................. 351
Index of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 363
IX
Part I
Physiological Rhythmicity and Synergetics
