RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification

434 Pages·2003·5.817 MB·English

by  Dr Klaus Finkenzeller

RFIDHandbook:FundamentalsandApplicationsinContactlessSmartCardsandIdentification,
SecondEdition
KlausFinkenzeller
Copyright2003JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.
ISBN:0-470-84402-7
RFID
Handbook
Second Edition
RFID
Handbook
Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart
Cards and Identification
Second Edition
Klaus Finkenzeller
Giesecke&DevrientGmbH,Munich,Germany
Translatedby
Rachel Waddington
MemberoftheInstituteofTranslationandInterpreting
FirstpublishedunderthetitleRFID-Handbuch,2Auflage byCarlHanserVerlag
CarlHanserVerlag,Munich/FRG,1999Allrightsreserved
Authorizedtranslationfromthe2ndeditionintheoriginalGermanlanguage
publishedbyCarlHanserVerlag,Munich/FRG
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Finkenzeller,Klaus.
[RFIDHandbuch.English]
RFIDhandbook:fundamentalsandapplicationsincontactlesssmartcardsand
identifcation/KlausFinkenzeller;translatedbyRachelWaddington.—2nded.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-470-84402-7(alk.paper)
1.Inventorycontrol—Automation.2.Radiofrequencyidentificationsystems.3.Smart.
cards. I.Title.
TS160.F55132003
658.7(cid:1)87—dc21
2002192439
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN0-470-84402-7
Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wiltshire
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestry
inwhichatleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction.
Contents
PREFACE xiii
LISTOFABBREVIATIONS xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 AutomaticIdentificationSystems 2
1.1.1 Barcodesystems 2
1.1.2 Opticalcharacterrecognition 3
1.1.3 Biometricprocedures 4
1.1.3.1 Voiceidentification 4
1.1.3.2 Fingerprintingprocedures(dactyloscopy) 4
1.1.4 Smartcards 5
1.1.4.1 Memorycards 5
1.1.4.2 Microprocessorcards 6
1.1.5 RFIDsystems 6
1.2 AComparisonofDifferentIDSystems 7
1.3 ComponentsofanRFIDSystem 7
2 Differentiation Features of RFID Systems 11
2.1 FundamentalDifferentiationFeatures 11
2.2 TransponderConstructionFormats 13
2.2.1 Disksandcoins 13
2.2.2 Glasshousing 14
2.2.3 Plastichousing 14
2.2.4 Toolandgasbottleidentification 15
2.2.5 Keysandkeyfobs 17
2.2.6 Clocks 18
2.2.7 ID-1format,contactlesssmartcards 18
2.2.8 Smartlabel 19
2.2.9 Coil-on-chip 20
2.2.10 Otherformats 21
2.3 Frequency,RangeandCoupling 22
2.4 InformationProcessingintheTransponder 23
2.4.1 Low-endsystems 23
2.4.2 Mid-rangesystems 24
2.4.3 High-endsystems 25
2.5 SelectionCriteriaforRFIDSystems 25
2.5.1 Operatingfrequency 26
2.5.2 Range 26
vi CONTENTS
2.5.3 Securityrequirements 27
2.5.4 Memorycapacity 28
3 Fundamental Operating Principles 29
3.1 1-BitTransponder 29
3.1.1 Radiofrequency 30
3.1.2 Microwaves 33
3.1.3 Frequencydivider 35
3.1.4 Electromagnetictypes 36
3.1.5 Acoustomagnetic 37
3.2 FullandHalfDuplexProcedure 40
3.2.1 Inductivecoupling 41
3.2.1.1 Powersupplytopassivetransponders 41
→
3.2.1.2 Datatransfertransponder reader 42
3.2.2 Electromagneticbackscattercoupling 47
3.2.2.1 Powersupplytothetransponder 47
→
3.2.2.2 Datatransmission reader 49
3.2.3 Closecoupling 49
3.2.3.1 Powersupplytothetransponder 49
→
3.2.3.2 Datatransfertransponder reader 50
3.2.4 Electricalcoupling 51
3.2.4.1 Powersupplyofpassivetransponders 51
→
3.2.4.2 Datatransfertransponder reader 53
→
3.2.5 Datatransferreader transponder 53
3.3 SequentialProcedures 54
3.3.1 Inductivecoupling 54
3.3.1.1 Powersupplytothetransponder 54
3.3.1.2 AcomparisonbetweenFDX/HDXandSEQsystems 54
→
3.3.1.3 Datatransmissiontransponder reader 56
3.3.2 Surfaceacousticwavetransponder 57
4 Physical Principles of RFID Systems 61
4.1 MagneticField 61
4.1.1 MagneticfieldstrengthH 61
4.1.1.1 PathoffieldstrengthH(x)inconductorloops 62
4.1.1.2 Optimalantennadiameter 65
4.1.2 Magneticfluxandmagneticfluxdensity 66
4.1.3 InductanceL 67
4.1.3.1 Inductanceofaconductorloop 68
4.1.4 MutualinductanceM 68
4.1.5 Couplingcoefficientk 70
4.1.6 Faraday’slaw 71
4.1.7 Resonance 73
4.1.8 Practicaloperationofthetransponder 78
4.1.8.1 Powersupplytothetransponder 78
4.1.8.2 Voltageregulation 78
CONTENTS vii
4.1.9 InterrogationfieldstrengthHmin 80
4.1.9.1 Energyrangeoftranspondersystems 82
4.1.9.2 Interrogationzoneofreaders 84
4.1.10 Totaltransponder—readersystem 86
4.1.10.1 TransformedtransponderimpedanceZ’T 88
4.1.10.2 InfluencingvariablesofZ’T 90
4.1.10.3 Loadmodulation 97
4.1.11 Measurementofsystemparameters 103
4.1.11.1 Measuringthecouplingcoefficientk 103
4.1.11.2 Measuringthetransponderresonantfrequency 105
4.1.12 Magneticmaterials 106
4.1.12.1 Propertiesofmagneticmaterialsandferrite 107
4.1.12.2 FerriteantennasinLFtransponders 108
4.1.12.3 Ferriteshieldinginametallicenvironment 109
4.1.12.4 Fittingtranspondersinmetal 110
4.2 ElectromagneticWaves 111
4.2.1 Thegenerationofelectromagneticwaves 111
4.2.1.1 Transitionfromnearfieldtofarfieldinconductorloops 112
4.2.2 RadiationdensityS 114
4.2.3 CharacteristicwaveimpedanceandfieldstrengthE 115
4.2.4 Polarisationofelectromagneticwaves 116
4.2.4.1 Reflectionofelectromagneticwaves 117
4.2.5 Antennas 119
4.2.5.1 Gainanddirectionaleffect 119
4.2.5.2 EIRPandERP 120
4.2.5.3 Inputimpedance 121
4.2.5.4 Effectiveapertureandscatteraperture 121
4.2.5.5 Effectivelength 124
4.2.5.6 Dipoleantennas 125
4.2.5.7 Yagi–Udaantenna 127
4.2.5.8 Patchormicrostripantenna 128
4.2.5.9 Slotantennas 130
4.2.6 Practicaloperationofmicrowavetransponders 131
4.2.6.1 Equivalentcircuitsofthetransponder 131
4.2.6.2 Powersupplyofpassivetransponders 133
4.2.6.3 Powersupplyofactivetransponders 140
4.2.6.4 Reflectionandcancellation 141
4.2.6.5 Sensitivityofthetransponder 142
4.2.6.6 Modulatedbackscatter 143
4.2.6.7 Readrange 145
4.3 SurfaceWaves 148
4.3.1 Thecreationofasurfacewave 148
4.3.2 Reflectionofasurfacewave 150
4.3.3 FunctionaldiagramofSAWtransponders(Figure4.95) 151
4.3.4 Thesensoreffect 153
4.3.4.1 Reflectivedelaylines 154
4.3.4.2 Resonantsensors 155
viii CONTENTS
4.3.4.3 Impedancesensors 157
4.3.5 Switchedsensors 159
5 Frequency Ranges and Radio Licensing Regulations 161
5.1 FrequencyRangesUsed 161
5.1.1 Frequencyrange9–135kHz 161
5.1.2 Frequencyrange6.78MHz 163
5.1.3 Frequencyrange13.56MHz 163
5.1.4 Frequencyrange27.125MHz 163
5.1.5 Frequencyrange40.680MHz 165
5.1.6 Frequencyrange433.920MHz 165
5.1.7 Frequencyrange869.0MHz 166
5.1.8 Frequencyrange915.0MHz 166
5.1.9 Frequencyrange2.45GHz 166
5.1.10 Frequencyrange5.8GHz 166
5.1.11 Frequencyrange24.125GHz 166
5.1.12 SelectionofasuitablefrequencyforinductivelycoupledRFIDsystems 167
5.2 EuropeanLicensingRegulations 169
5.2.1 CEPT/ERCREC70-03 169
5.2.1.1 Annex1:Non-specificshortrangedevices 170
5.2.1.2 Annex4:Railwayapplications 171
5.2.1.3 Annex5:Roadtransportandtraffictelematics 172
5.2.1.4 Annex9:Inductiveapplications 172
5.2.1.5 Annex11:RFIDapplications 172
5.2.1.6 Frequencyrange868MHz 173
5.2.2 EN300330:9kHz–25MHz 173
5.2.2.1 Carrierpower—limitvaluesforHfieldtransmitters 173
5.2.2.2 Spuriousemissions 175
5.2.3 EN300220-1,EN300220-2 175
5.2.4 EN300440 176
5.3 NationalLicensingRegulationsinEurope 177
5.3.1 Germany 177
5.4 NationalLicensingRegulations 179
5.4.1 USA 179
5.4.2 Futuredevelopment:USA–Japan–Europe 180
6 Coding and Modulation 183
6.1 CodingintheBaseband 184
6.2 DigitalModulationProcedures 186
6.2.1 Amplitudeshiftkeying(ASK) 186
6.2.2 2FSK 189
6.2.3 2PSK 190
6.2.4 Modulationprocedureswithsubcarrier 191
7 Data Integrity 195
7.1 TheChecksumProcedure 195
CONTENTS ix
7.1.1 Paritychecking 195
7.1.2 LRCprocedure 196
7.1.3 CRCprocedure 197
7.2 Multi-AccessProcedures—Anticollision 200
7.2.1 Spacedivisionmultipleaccess(SDMA) 202
7.2.2 Frequencydomainmultipleaccess(FDMA) 204
7.2.3 Timedomainmultipleaccess(TDMA) 205
7.2.4 Examplesofanticollisionprocedures 206
7.2.4.1 ALOHAprocedure 206
7.2.4.2 SlottedALOHAprocedure 208
7.2.4.3 Binarysearchalgorithm 212
8 Data Security 221
8.1 MutualSymmetricalAuthentication 221
8.2 AuthenticationUsingDerivedKeys 223
8.3 EncryptedDataTransfer 224
8.3.1 Streamcipher 225
9 Standardisation 229
9.1 AnimalIdentification 229
9.1.1 ISO11784—Codestructure 229
9.1.2 ISO11785—Technicalconcept 230
9.1.2.1 Requirements 230
9.1.2.2 Full/halfduplexsystem 232
9.1.2.3 Sequentialsystem 232
9.1.3 ISO14223—Advancedtransponders 233
9.1.3.1 Part1—Airinterface 233
9.1.3.2 Part2—Codeandcommandstructure 234
9.2 ContactlessSmartCards 236
9.2.1 ISO10536—Closecouplingsmartcards 237
9.2.1.1 Part1—Physicalcharacteristics 238
9.2.1.2 Part2—Dimensionsandlocationsofcouplingareas 238
9.2.1.3 Part3—Electronicsignalsandresetprocedures 238
9.2.1.4 Part4—Answertoresetandtransmissionprotocols 239
9.2.2 ISO14443—Proximitycouplingsmartcards 240
9.2.2.1 Part1—Physicalcharacteristics 240
9.2.2.2 Part2—Radiofrequencyinterference 240
9.2.2.3 Part3—Initialisationandanticollision 245
9.2.2.4 Part4—Transmissionprotocols 251
9.2.3 ISO15693—Vicinitycouplingsmartcards 256
9.2.3.1 Part1—Physicalcharacteristics 256
9.2.3.2 Part2—Airinterfaceandinitialisation 256
9.2.4 ISO10373—Testmethodsforsmartcards 260
9.2.4.1 Part4:Testproceduresforclosecouplingsmartcards 261
9.2.4.2 Part6:Testproceduresforproximitycouplingsmartcards 261
9.2.4.3 Part7:Testprocedureforvicinitycouplingsmartcards 264
x CONTENTS
9.3 ISO69873—DataCarriersforToolsandClampingDevices 265
9.4 ISO10374—ContainerIdentification 265
9.5 VDI4470—Anti-theftSystemsforGoods 265
9.5.1 Part1—Detectiongates—inspectionguidelinesforcustomers 265
9.5.1.1 Ascertainingthefalsealarmrate 266
9.5.1.2 Ascertainingthedetectionrate 267
9.5.1.3 FormsinVDI4470 267
9.5.2 Part2—Deactivationdevices,inspectionguidelinesforcustomers 268
9.6 ItemManagement 268
9.6.1 ISO18000series 268
9.6.2 GTAGinitiative 269
9.6.2.1 GTAGtransportlayer(physicallayer) 270
9.6.2.2 GTAGcommunicationandapplicationlayer 271
10 The Architecture of Electronic Data Carriers 273
10.1 TransponderwithMemoryFunction 273
10.1.1 HFinterface 273
10.1.1.1 Examplecircuit—loadmodulationwithsubcarrier 274
10.1.1.2 Examplecircuit—HFinterfaceforISO14443transponder 276
10.1.2 Addressandsecuritylogic 278
10.1.2.1 Statemachine 279
10.1.3 Memoryarchitecture 280
10.1.3.1 Read-onlytransponder 280
10.1.3.2 Writabletransponder 281
10.1.3.3 Transponderwithcryptologicalfunction 281
10.1.3.4 Segmentedmemory 284

10.1.3.5 MIFARE applicationdirectory 286
10.1.3.6 DualportEEPROM 289
10.2 Microprocessors 292
10.2.1 Dualinterfacecard 293

10.2.1.1 MIFARE plus 295
10.2.1.2 Modernconceptsforthedualinterfacecard 296
10.3 MemoryTechnology 298
10.3.1 RAM 299
10.3.2 EEPROM 299
10.3.3 FRAM 300
10.3.4 PerformancecomparisonFRAM—EEPROM 302
10.4 MeasuringPhysicalVariables 302
10.4.1 Transponderwithsensorfunctions 302
10.4.2 Measurementsusingmicrowavetransponders 303
10.4.3 Sensoreffectinsurfacewavetransponders 305
11 Readers 309
11.1 DataFlowinanApplication 309
11.2 ComponentsofaReader 309
CONTENTS xi
11.2.1 HFinterface 311
11.2.1.1 Inductivelycoupledsystem,FDX/HDX 312
11.2.1.2 Microwavesystems—halfduplex 313
11.2.1.3 Sequentialsystems—SEQ 314
11.2.1.4 MicrowavesystemforSAWtransponders 315
11.2.2 Controlunit 316
11.3 LowCostConfiguration—ReaderICU2270B 317
11.4 ConnectionofAntennasforInductiveSystems 319
11.4.1 Connectionusingcurrentmatching 320
11.4.2 Supplyviacoaxialcable 322
11.4.3 TheinfluenceoftheQfactor 325
11.5 ReaderDesigns 326
11.5.1 OEMreaders 326
11.5.2 Readersforindustrialuse 327
11.5.3 Portablereaders 328
12 The Manufacture of Transponders and Contactless
Smart Cards 329
12.1 GlassandPlasticTransponders 329
12.1.1 Modulemanufacture 329
12.1.2 Semi-finishedtransponder 330
12.1.3 Completion 332
12.2 ContactlessSmartCards 332
12.2.1 Coilmanufacture 333
12.2.2 Connectiontechnique 336
12.2.3 Lamination 338
13 Example Applications 341
13.1 ContactlessSmartCards 341
13.2 PublicTransport 342
13.2.1 Thestartingpoint 343
13.2.2 Requirements 344
13.2.2.1 Transactiontime 344
13.2.2.2 Resistancetodegradation,lifetime,convenience 344
13.2.3 BenefitsofRFIDsystems 345
13.2.4 Faresystemsusingelectronicpayment 346
13.2.5 Marketpotential 346
13.2.6 Exampleprojects 347
13.2.6.1 Korea—seoul 347
13.2.6.2 Germany—Lu¨neburg,Oldenburg 349
13.2.6.3 EUProjects—ICAREandCALYPSO 350
13.3 Ticketing 354
13.3.1 Lufthansamiles&morecard 354
13.3.2 Skitickets 356