Revisiting the 'Ideal Victim': Developments in Critical Victimology

342 Pages·2018·5.042 MB·English

by  Marian Duggan

DEVELOPMENTS IN CRITICAL VICTIMOLOGY
EDITED BY MARIAN DUGGAN
with
original chapter
“The Ideal Victim”
by Nils Christie
inside
REVISITING THE ‘IDEAL VICTIM’
Developments in critical victimology
Edited by Marian Duggan
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First published in Great Britain in 2018 by
Policy Press North America ofce:
University of Bristol Policy Press
1-9 Old Park Hill c/o The University of Chicago Press
Bristol 1427 East 60th Street
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© Policy Press 2018
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The right of Marian Duggan to be identifed as editor of this work has been asserted by her
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
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.d The statements and opinions contained within this publication are solely those of the editor
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Contents
List of abbreviations v
Notes on contributors vi
Acknowledgements xii
Foreword: thinking beyond the ideal xiii
Preface xvii
Introduction 1
The Ideal Victim by Nils Christie 11
Part I Exploring the ‘Ideal Victim’ 25
one The ideal victim through other(s’) eyes 27
Alice Bosma, Eva Mulder and Antony Pemberton
two Creating ideal victims in hate crime policy 43
Hannah Mason-Bish
three The lived experiences of veiled Muslim women as 63
‘undeserving’ victims of Islamophobia
Irene Zempi
four Being ‘ideal’ or falling short? The legitimacy of lesbian, gay, 83
bisexual and/or transgender victims of domestic violence
and hate crime
Catherine Donovan and Rebecca Barnes
fve New victimisations: female sex worker hate crime and 103
the ‘ideal victim’
Karen Corteen
six The ‘ideal migrant victim’ in human rights courts: between 123
vulnerability and otherness
Carolina Yoko Furusho
seven ‘Our most precious possession of all’: the survivor of 141
non-recent childhood sexual abuse as the ideal victim?
Sinéad Ring
eight ‘Idealising’ domestic violence victims 159
.de Marian Duggan
vrese nine Environmental crime, victimisation, and the ideal victim 175
r sth Pamela Davies
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iii
RevisitingC othnet e‘Indtesal Victim’
Part II Exploring the ‘Non-Ideal’ Victim 193
ten Revisiting the non-ideal victim 195
Stephanie Fohring
eleven Conceptualising victims of anti-social behaviour is far 211
from ‘ideal’
Vicky Heap
twelve The ‘ideal’ rape victim and the elderly woman: 229
a contradiction in terms?
Hannah Bows
thirteen Denying victim status to online fraud victims: the 243
challenges of being a ‘non-ideal victim’
Cassandra Cross
fourteen Male prisoners’ vulnerabilities and the ideal victim concept 263
Jennifer Anne Sloan Rainbow
ffteen A decade after Lynndie: non-ideal victims of non-ideal 279
offenders – doubly anomalised, doubly invisibilised
Claire Cohen
sixteen Towards an inclusive victimology and a new 297
understanding of public compassion to victims: from
and beyond Christie’s ideal victim
Jorge Gracia
Conclusion 313
Marian Duggan
Index 315
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iv
List of abbreviations
ACCC Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
ASB Anti-social behaviour
CAFC Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre
CPS Crown Prosecution Service
CSEW Crime Survey for England and Wales
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DVA Domestic violence and abuse
DVDS Domestic Violence Disclosure Scheme
ECHR European Court of Human Rights (in references)
ECtHR European Court of Human Rights (in text)
HMICP Her Majesty’s Chief Inspectorate of Prisons
HMIP Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons
IACtHR Inter-American Court of Human Rights
IDVA Independent Domestic Violence Adviser
IPCC Independent Police Complaints Commission
ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
LGB and/or T Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender
MTT Moral Typecasting Theory
NCVS National Crime and Victimisation Survey
NSIR National Standard for Incident Recording
ODIHR Ofce for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
ONS Ofce for National Statistics
OSCE Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe
PSPO Public Spaces Protection Order
RTA Ltd Rio Tinto Alcan Limited
SCM Stereotype Content Model
UKIP United Kingdom Independence Party
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v
Notes on contributors
Editor
Marian Duggan is a Senior Lecturer in Criminology at the University
of Kent. Her research interests cover gender, sexuality and victimisation,
particularly in relation to hate crimes and violence prevention. She
is currently researching domestic violence prevention policies and
gendered experiences of hate crime. Marian is the author of Queering
Confict: Examining Lesbian and Gay Experiences of Homophobia in
Northern Ireland (Ashgate, 2012; Routledge, 2016), and (with Vicky
Heap) Administrating Victimization: The Politics of Anti-Social Behaviour
and Hate Crime Policy (Palgrave, 2014). She is also the co-editor (with
Malcolm Cowburn, Anne Robinson and Paul Senior) of Values in
Criminology and Community Justice (Policy Press, 2013).
Contributors
Rebecca Barnes is Lecturer in Criminology at the University of
Leicester. She has been researching domestic violence in lesbian, gay,
bisexual and/or transgender (LGB and/or T) people’s relationships for
15 years. Rebecca was Co-Investigator (with Catherine Donovan) on
the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)-funded Coral
Project (2012–14), which explored partners’ use of abusive behaviours
in LGB and/or T people’s relationships and the availability of inclusive
relationships and domestic abuse interventions. More recently, she has
been researching churchgoers’ perceptions and experiences of domestic
abuse in Cumbria, and is currently leading a participatory research
study to improve understandings of, and provision for, the mental
health needs of LGB and/or T people in Nottingham.
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vrese Alice Bosma LLM MSc is finalising her PhD project at the
r sth International Victimology Institute Tilburg (INTERVICT), Tilburg
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ir llA University. For this project, she examined observer reactions towards
.sse emotional victims of crime: positive reactions such as support and
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Notes on contributors
interdisciplinary victimological topics, such as human trafcking
(together with C. Rijken) and sexual abuse (together with the Dutch
National Rapporteur on Human Trafcking and Child Sexual Abuse).
Hannah Bows is an Assistant Professor in Criminal Law at Durham
University. Her research interests cover gender, ageing, violence and
victimisation, with a focus on sexual violence, crimes against older
people and criminal justice responses to ageing. Her current projects
include the homicide of older people and the stalking of male victims.
Her monograph, Sexual Violence Against Older People, is due to be
published by Routledge in 2018. She is the co-author (with Professor
Nicole Westmarland) of Researching Gender, Violence and Abuse: Methods,
Theory, Policy, also due to be published in 2018 by Routledge. She is
the editor of a two-volume collection on Violence Against Older Women
(Palgrave Macmillan, 2019).
Claire Cohen is a Senior Lecturer in Criminology at Nottingham Trent
University, and is presently a Doctoral Candidate at the University
of Nottingham. Claire is a Critical Criminologist and Foucauldian.
Her research interests are varied, but are unifed by a passion for
epistemology and subscription to the critical stances, including critical
victimology. She has a particular interest in gendered knowledges and
gendered injustices. Her recent monograph Male Rape is a Feminist
Issue: Feminism, Governmentality and Male Rape, was published with
Palgrave Macmillan in 2014. She is currently working on her second
monograph, due for publication with Policy Press in 2019.
Karen Corteen is a Senior Lecturer in Criminal Justice at Liverpool John
Moores University. Her research interests cover critical criminology,
victimology, crime, harm and victimisation. This includes an interest in
crimes of the powerful, particularly in relation to professional wrestling
and sports entertainment. Her current joint research project is titled
‘Miniature Prisons in the Community: The Secretive World of Police
.de Custody Suites’. Karen is co-editor of a serious of four Companions
vrese concerned with criminology, victimology and criminal justice (Policy
r sth Press, 2014–17).
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.sse Cassandra Cross is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Justice,
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Revisiting the ‘Ideal Victim’
of online fraud victims worldwide. Since taking up her position at
Queensland University of Technology in 2012, she has continued her
research into online fraud, across the policing, prevention and victim
support aspects. With colleagues, she has received highly competitive
Criminology Research Grants, the frst in 2013 to conduct the frst
Australian study into the reporting experiences and support needs of
online fraud victims, and another in 2016 to examine the policing of
cybercrime in Australia. She is co-author (with Professor Mark Button)
of the book Cyber Frauds, Scams and their Victims (Routledge, 2017).
Pamela Davies is Professor of Criminology at Northumbria University.
Her research interests centre on gender, crime and victimisation,
particularly the gendered nature of harm and violence and how this can
be prevented and reduced while victims are protected and supported.
Pam has a strong interest in theoretical developments in criminology
and victimology and her work in this respect is shaped by her concerns
about criminal and non-criminal victimisation and experiences of
harm, especially women and children as victims and survivors. Pam has
written about victimisation in diferent contexts, including domestic
violence and green crime and victimisation. She has authored and
edited numerous books, including Gender, Crime and Victimisation
(Sage, 2011), Victims, Crime and Society (2nd edn) (with Peter Francis
and Chris Greer) (Sage, 2017), Invisible Crimes and Social Harms (with
Peter Francis and Tanya Wyatt) (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) and Doing
Criminological Research (3rd edn) (with Peter Francis) (Sage, 2018).
Catherine Donovan is Professor in Social Relations and leads research
in the Centre for Applied Social Studies in the School of Social
Sciences at the University of Sunderland. She has spent nearly 30
years researching the intimate and family lives of lesbians, gay men
and, more recently, bisexual and trans people. Currently, she is co-
authoring (with Rebecca Barnes) a book on the use of violent and/
or abusive behaviour in the relationships of those who are LGB and/
.de or T. Other work includes work on hate crime, particularly on hate
vrese relationships, and campus safety. As part of her latter work, Catherine
r sth is an institutional lead for a pilot Bystander Intervention Programme.
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.sse Stephanie Fohring is a Lecturer in Criminology at Edinburgh Napier
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Notes on contributors
attached to being a victim of crime. Stephanie has previously held a
British Academy Post-Doctoral Fellowship and an Economic and Social
Research Council (ESRC)/Scottish Government Studentship. She is
the author of a growing number of articles and chapters based on her
research, and has also recently edited a special issue of the International
Review of Victimology, titled ‘Victim Identities and Hierarchies’.
Carolina Yoko Furusho is an Erasmus Mundus Fellow under the
auspices of the European Commission. Carolina is currently a PhD
candidate at the Joint Doctorate in Cultural and Global Criminology
(DCGC) at the University of Kent and the University of Hamburg.
Her research focus lies on international and comparative human rights,
feminist and postcolonial approaches to inequality and vulnerability,
global victimology, and social justice. She was awarded an LLM
with Distinction by University College London and a BCL by the
University of São Paulo. She previously worked as a lawyer licensed
by the Brazilian Bar Association.
Jorge Gracia teaches Victimology at Escola de Criminologia (School
of Criminology), FDUP (Faculty of Law University of Oporto)
– Porto (Portugal). His main feld of expertise is elder abuse and
domestic violence in general. However, his interests include vulnerable
groups, discrimination and human rights, social policy, and the
connection between cinema and the law. He is also a researcher in the
Laboratorio de Sociología Jurídica (Laboratory of Sociology of Law)
at the University of Zaragoza (Spain) and collaborates with the Open
University of Catalonia (UOC, Barcelona, Spain) as a course instructor
of criminology online in the feld of the sociology of law. Jorge is
author of Elder Abuse in the Family. a Socio Legal Approach (El maltrato
familiar hacia las personas mayores. Un análisis sociojurídico) (PUZ, 2012).
Vicky Heap is a Senior Lecturer in Criminology and Fellow of the
Shefeld Institute for Policy Studies at Shefeld Hallam University.
.de She conducts research and lectures in the areas of anti-social behaviour,
vrese crime prevention and research methods. Her current research examines
r sth victims’ experiences of anti-social behaviour and the implementation
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.sse the Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014. Vicky is
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