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Revision of the World Species of Spalangiopelta
(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae: Ceinae)
D. Christopher Darling
ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM LIFE SCIENCES PUBLICATIONS
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LIFE SCIENCES CONTRIBUTIONS 155
Revision of the World Species of Spalangiopelta
(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae: Ceinae)
D. Christopher Darling
m
ROM
ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM
TORONTO
ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM
PUBLICATIONS IN LIFE SCIENCES
The Royal Ontario Museum publishes three series in the Life Sciences:
CONTRIBUTIONS: a numbered series oforiginal scientific publications.
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and oftaxonomic significance.
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ofthe Life Sciences Editorial Board, and to independent refereeing by two ormore persons,
other than Museum staff, who are authorities in the particular field involved.
LIFE SCIENCES EDITORIAL BOARD
Senior editor: M. D. Engstrom
Editor: D. Collins
Editor: K. Coates
External editor: C. S. Churcher
Manuscript editor: R. W. Murphy
Production editor: K. K. Mototsune
D. Christopher Darling is associate curator in charge. Department of Entomology, Royal
Ontario Museum, and assistant professor. Department of Zoology, University of Toronto.
The Royal Ontario Museum is an agency ofthe Ontario Ministry ofCulture and Communi-
cations.
Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data
Darling. D. Christopher (Donald Christopher), 1951-
Revision ofthe world species ofSpalangiopelta
(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae: Ceinae)
(Life sciences contributions 155)
;
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-88854-395-6
1. Spalangiopelta. 2. Pteromalidae. I. Royal
Ontario Museum. II. Title. III. Series.
QL568.P94D37 1991 595.79 C91-094294-3
Publication date: 8 November 1991
ISBN 0-88854-395-6
ISSN 0384-8159
© Royal Ontario Museum, 1991
100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6
Typesetting by CompeerTypographic Services Limited
Printed and bound in Canada at gagne printing
1
Contents
Abstract
1
Introduction
1
Materials and Methods 2
Comparative Morphology 6
Spalangiopelta Masi 10
Key to Species 1
Spalangiopelta alata Boucek 23
Spalangiopelta alhigena Darling sp. nov. 24
Spalangiopelta apotherisma Darling and Hanson 25
Spalangiopelta brachyptera Masi 27
Spalangiopelta canadensis Darling sp. nov. 28
Spalangiopelta ciliata Yoshimoto 29
Spalangiopelta dudichi Erd(is 31
Spalangiopeltafelonia Darling and Hanson 32
Spalangiopelta laevis Darling sp. nov. 34
Spalangiopeltaprocera Graham 35
Phylogeny and Biogeography 37
Acknowledgements 41
Literature Cited 42
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http://www.archive.org/details/revisionofworldsOOdarl
Revision of the World Species of Spalangiopelta
(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae: Ceinae)
Abstract
Ten species of Spalangiopelta are recognized, six from the Nearctic and Neotropical
regions and four from the Palearctic. Three new species are described: S. alhigena sp. nov.
(type locality: Dominican Republic, Parque Nacional Armando Bermudez), S. canadensis
sp. nov. (type locality: Canada, Ontario, Constance Bay), and S. laevis (type locality: Costa
Rica, Alajuela, Pefias Blancas). Lectotypes are designated for two Palearctic species: S.
hrachyptera and S. dudichi. A diagnosis for the subfamily Ceinae is presented and a sister-
group relationship is proposed with the subfamily Diparinae based on characters of the
forewing and antenna. A revised generic diagnosis and a key to the males and females of
Spalangiopelta are presented, and information on host associations and geographic distri-
bution is summarized foreach species. Intrageneric phylogenetic relationships that support
a hypothesis ofvicariance in the Holarctic region are discussed.
Introduction
Spalangiopelta Masi and Cea Walker comprise the sub- Graham (1969) and Darling and Hanson (1986) provided
family Ceinae, which is traditionally classified with other the most recent summaries of information on the Ceinae,
groups of uncertain affinity in the Pteromalidae. The for the Palearctic and Nearctic regions respectively. Cea is
Ceinae are generally recognized by the following combina- a monotypic genus (type species: C. pulicaris Walker) and
tion of characters (Boucek, 1952; Graham, 1969; Darling is most notable for having both long- and short-winged
and Hanson, 1986): (1) notauli complete (Figs. 1, 67, but females (Jansson, 1945). Cea was considered a strictly
see also Fig. 2); (2) spiracles situated halfway between the Palearctic genus until recently. Males were recently
front and hind margins ofpropodeum (Figs. 8, 67, 68); (3) reported from Texas (Darling and Hanson, 1986) and
antennal toruli separated from oral fossa by a distance less females have recently been collected in Canada and the
than diameter of torulus (Fig. 4); (4) antennal formula United States. There is a long series of fully winged
11353 (Figs. 5, 37-46, 57-64); (5) marginal vein long females from Prince Edward Island (CNC) and single
(Figs. 25-34, 49-55); and (6) mandibles bidentate (Fig. 3). specimens, all fully winged, from localities in Alaska,
It is currently impossible to determine which of these Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec (CNC). The specific status of
characters (if any) are synapomorphies because the phylo- the Nearctic material has yet to be resolved. There are four
genetic relationships between the subfamilies ofPteromali- Palearctic species oiSpalangiopelta; Graham (1969) sum-
dae are uncertain. Based on the hypothesis that Cleonym- marized the taxonomic and biological information, and
inae and Chalcedectinae are plesiomorphic pteromalids presented an identification key. Until recently, S. ciliata
(Darling, 1988), characters 2, 3, and4 would be regarded as was the only species recorded for the Nearctic region. This
synapomorphies of Ceinae. However, character 2 is found species is very distinctive and easily distinguished from
in some Colotrechninae (e.g., Divna, see Boucek, 1988); Palearctic species; however, two recently described species
character 3 is found in some neodiparines, eunotines, from Oregon (Darling and Hanson, 1986) are much more
cleonymines (Graham, 1969), and colotrechnines (Boucek, similar to Palearctic species.
1988), and may be plesiomorphic for Ceinae; and three This revision was prompted by the discovery of
annelli are also present in some Pteromalinae (e.g., undescribed species from the New World and the possibil-
Cyciogastrella) and Miscogasterinae, Pirenini (e.g., ity ofHolarctic species oiSpalangiopelta. I have examined
Morodora). None of the six characters can be regarded and compared the primary types of all species except one
with confidence as derived and unique to Ceinae; therefore, and herein revise the world species of Spalangiopelta. I
there is no unequivocal evidence of the monophyly of specifically (1) develop a diagnosis and amodified descrip-
Ceinae. tion of the genus; (2) summarize information concerning
1
the described species and present illustrations, modified the world species of Spalangiopelta; (5) associate males
diagnoses, redescriptions, and, where necessary, lectotype and females for seven species and correct erroneous associ-
designations; (3) describe and illustrate three new species ations; and (6) discuss the phylogenetic and biogeographic
from the New World; (4) present an identification key for relationships within the genus.
Materials and Methods
There are a number of difficulties encountered in conduct- tric species were present in Oregon. Characters ofthe wing
ing systematic studies of Spalangiopelta. Specimens are venation and antenna have been used extensively in this
extremely rare in collections, and only very recently have revision ofthe world species ofSpalangiopelta.
series of specimens been collected and made available for
study. Specialized collecting methods are needed because
of the cryptic habits of these wasps. Berlese extraction, TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Malaise traps (MT), flight intercept traps (FIT), pan traps, Morphological terms follow Graham (1969), Richards
and screen-sweeping have resulted in dramatic increases in (1977), and Boucek (1988). "Prepectus" is used instead of
the number of specimens: in 1977 there were only 5 "postspiracular sclerite," and the thorax propodeum
-i-
Nearctic specimens and today there are over 200. However, (first true abdominal segment) is referred to as the "meso-
there are still large areas of Mexico, and Central and South soma"; the rest of the abdomen is referred to as the
America that are virtually uncollected. "metasoma." Metasomal tergites are designated Tl, T2,
Spalangiopelta adults are extremely small wasps; most etc. The metasoma consists of two distinct functional
—
mm
are just over 1 in total length. Accurate measurements units the "petiole" (Tl), and the "gaster." The antenna
are therefore extremely difficult to make from point- and consists of the basal scape, the pedicel, three annelli (Al-
card-mounted specimens. Parallax problems and rounding A3), five funicular segments (F1-F5), and three claval
errors often can be quite serious when standard descriptive segments (C1-C3) that are referred to collectively as the
ratios are used. Forexample, the ratio ofocellar-ocular line "club." Measurements of antennal segments and the club
to postocellar line, OOL/POL, involves absolute measure- do not include the internal pedunculate processes (Fig. 44,
ments in the range of 50-70 microns. Means and standard pp). Large setae on the undersurface ofthe forewing, below
deviations could be calculated that would take into account the marginal vein, are referred to as "admarginal setae"
the inaccuracies in the measurements, but this is not possi- (Figs. 11, 12, 16, 17, 27-30), and the "hyaline break" is a
ble ifonly very few specimens are available for study. One transparent region in the parastigma (Figs. 55-56). Sculp-
possible solution is to base measurements on slide- ture types follow Harris (1979), and "glabrous" is used to
mounted material, but again this is difficult if few speci- describe smooth and shining surfaces devoid of sculpture.
mens or only the primary types are available for study. The For measurements, the terms length (L), width (W), and
small size of specimens of Spalangiopelta also presents height (H), are maximum values obtained by rotating the
problems in basing descriptions and keys on qualitative specimen. Measurements and abbreviations are as follows:
characters such as surface sculpture. The perception of A2, length of second annellus in dorsal view; CL, club
many ofthese characters depends on the source and quality length in lateral view; EH, eye height; Fl, F2, etc., length of
of illumination (diffuse versus direct) and on absolute funicle segment 1, 2, etc. in lateral view; HH, headheight in
magnification. Most of the comparisons presented herein frontal view; HL, head length in dorsal view; HW, head
were made at x 160 magnification with a combination of width in frontal view; M, length of marginal vein; MN,
both reflected light (fiber optics diffused with mylar bar- length of metanotum along midline; MS, length of malar
rier) and background transmitted light. Ifample material is space; MSC, length of mesoscutum along midline; OOL,
available, scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) can be length of ocular-ocellar line; PED, length of pedicel in
used to illustrate these features unequivocally, but this still lateral view; PM, length of postmarginal vein; PN, length
leaves the problem of dealing with type material. In our ofpronotum along midline; POL, length ofpostocellarline;
initial study of the genus (Darling and Hanson, 1986) we PROP, length of propodeum along midline; PW, width of
were fortunate to have a relatively long type series (35 pronotal collar; S, length of stigmal vein; SC, length of
specimens for S. felonia), allowing for dissections, the scutellum along the midline; SL, scape length; SM, length
preparation of slides, and SEMs. Rather subtle differences of submarginal vein; TL, total body length (including
in wing venation and antenna, evident only in slide- ovipositor); WL, wing length; and WW, wing width.
mounted material, were the first indication that two sympa-
Figs. 1-3. Scanning electron micrographs of Spalangiopelta females. 1. S.felonia, lateral habitus (mp,
mesopleuron). 2, 3. S. ciliata: 2. dorsal view of mesoscutum and scutellum; 3. frontal view of head (m,
mandible; 1, labrum). Scale lines: Fig. 1 = 0.1 mm. Figs. 2-3 = 0.05 mm.
Figs. 4-7. Scanningelectron micrographsofhead andantennaofSpalangiopelta females. 4, 5. S.felonia: 4.
frontal view of head; 5. annelli (Al, A2, A3) and funicular segment 1 (Fl; ps, papilliform sensillum). 6. S.
ciliata, apex ofclub (pis, peglike seta). 7. S. canadensis, club and detail (pis, peglike seta). Scale lines: Figs. 4,
6, 7 = 0.05 mm. Fig. 5 = 0.01 mm.
