Revision of Austropetaliidae (Anisoptera: Aeshnoidea)

29 Pages·1996·1.8 MB·English

by  Carle, F L

Odonatologica25(3): 231-259 SeptemberI, 1996
Revision ofAustropetaliidae
(Anisoptera: Aeshnoidea)*
F.L.Carle
DepartmentofEntomology,Cook College,
New JerseyAgriculturalExperimentStation,RutgersUniversity,
New Brunswick, New Jersey08903, United States
Received November 25, 1995/Reviewed andAccepted January27, 1996
Austropetaliidtaxonomy, phylogeny,andbiogeographyarereviewed,andkeys and
descriptionstosubfamilies,tribes,genera, and speciesprovided. Behavioral andeco-
logical information is also summarized. Classification ofthe Austropetaliidaeisre-
vised as follows: Archipetaliinaesubfam.n.: (Archipetaliinitrib. n.): Archipetalia
auriculata Tillyard;Austropetaliinaesubfam.n.:(Austropetaliinitrib.n.);Austropetalia
patricia(Tillyard),incl. A.patricia,andA. victoriasp.n. (holotype i:Australia, Mt.
Kosciusko, 12-XII-1931); Hypopetaliinae subfam. n.: (Hypopetaliini trib. n.);
HypopetaliapestilensMcLachlan;Eurypetaliinaesubfam. n.:(Rheopetaliinitrib,n):
Rheopetaliagenn. [typeR.rex sp.n.(holotype 6: Chile,PuenteLosMorongos,2-1-
-1992)],incl. Phyllopetaliaa.apicalisSelys, and P.apicalis decorataMcLachlan in
Selys;Odontopetaliagen.n.[typeP.apolloSelys];(Eurypetaliinitrib.n.):Eurypetalia
genn. [type E. altarensis sp. n. (holotype 6: Chile,Esterode Yerba loca along La
Leonera, 4-XI-1995)],incl. (Crenopetaliasubgen. n.) [type E. excrescens sp.n.
(holotype 3: Chile,PuenteLos Morongos, 10-XII-1993);Ophiopetaliagenn. [type
O.diana sp.n. (holotype 3: Chile,Antillanca,27-XII-1992)],incl. P.puduDunkle,
O. auragaster sp. n. (holotype <J:Chile, Estero de Yerba loca,XII-1988), and O.
araucanasp.n.(holotype3: Chile,PiedradelAguila,11-XI-1995);andPhyllopetalia
stictica Selys.
INTRODUCTION
Austropetaliidae Carle & Louton was established for the archaic antipodean
Aeshnoideaformerly placed in Neopetaliidae. Discovery ofthe unique yet dis-
tinctly cordulegastridlike larvaofNeopetalia punctata (Hagen) confirmedthene-
cessity totransfertheNeopetaliidae toLibelluloidea(sensuCARLE, 1982, 1986),
* Dedicated tothe memoryofLouisE.Pena
232 F.L. Carle
while leaving austropetaliids within Aeshnoidea. A close relationship between
Neopetalia and Cordulegaster was firstrecognized by SELYS (1854) whoplaced
Petalia(now Neopetalia) and Thecaphora (now Zoraena) with Cordulegaster in
hislegionCordulegaster. Theestablishmentofthesubgenus Phyllopetalia (SELYS,
1858)fortwo newlydiscoveredChilean“Neopetalia”represented thefirstofmany
misplacements. Surprisingly, discovery of femaleNeopetalia (SELYS, 1869)and
femalePhyllopetalia (SELYS, 1878)withtheir very differentovipositors didnot
resultintaxonomicrevision. Austropetaliids were firstreportedfromAustraliaby
TILLYARD(1907),and discoveryof theirlarvaledtothefollowing conclusionby
TILLYARD (1910): “The consequent conviction that Phyllopetalia was a true
Aeschnine [sic] genus is, I trust, happily vindicatedby the presentpaper, on the
evidence ofthis truly remarkable nymphal form.” Unfortunately, Tillyard’s con-
clusions wereextendedtoincludetheentire“Petalia-group ofgenera”.
FRASER(1933)revised Petaliidae(=Neopetaliidae Cowley, 1934)andunfortu-
nately includedseveral errors. For example, Fraser incorrectly attributedcharac-
teristicsofthenPetaliatotheincludedaustropetaliids such astheabsenceofbasal
subcostal crossveins. Fraser also repeated SELYS’ (1858, 1859, 1878) error re-
garding the relative development oftergal flanges in P. apicalis Selys, although
thiswas alsocorrectly describedby SELYS(1878) andagain by SCHMIDT(1941).
However, anothererror,thesupposed postnodal redblotchofP. apolloSelys, was
repeated by SCHMIDT(1941) andFRASER(1957). Thiserror apparently origi-
natesfromDeSelys’unpublished supposition thatPhyllopetalia femaleswerechar-
acterizedby ared blotch betweennodus andpterostigmata. This isevidencedby
misidentificationsofAustropetaliafemales intheSelys’ collection; onefemaleas
P.sticticaHagen inSelys supposedly fromChile,andtwo femalesasP.apollo, one
supposedly fromPeru, the other unlabelled(e.g. FRASER 1933). Unfortunately,
Dr Ris had evidently compared TILLYARD’s (1907) undescribed austropetaliid
femaleto theAustralian femalesmislabelledand misidentifiedas P. apollo, and
thereforeincorrectly identifiedTillyard’s specimen to be P.apollo. Subsequently
Dr Ris sentaphotograph ofthewings ofthetrue P. apollo to Tillyard whichledto
the description ofAustropetalia patricia (TILLYARD, 1910, 1917a).
This errorwas repeated and compounded in FRASER’s (1933) composite de-
scription ofP apollo whichincludedafemaleAustropetalia, thewings ofwhich
werephotographed andincludedasfigure 10byFraser.Therefore,DUNKLE(1985)
proposed combining Austropetalia andPhyllopetalia based inpart on theassump-
tion that P. apollo may have a postnodal blotch, although SELYS (1857, 1859,
1873)repeatedly characterizedPhyllopetalia as lacking ared blotchbetweenthe
nodus andpterostigmata. Fortunately,theidentity ofP.apollois notindoubtsince
SELYS (1878) describedseveral unique characteristics including an orange oc-
cipital hairtuft, malecerciwithlarge medialtooth, andmoderatesizedflanges of
abdominalterga7and8. TILLYARD’s(1910)commentis equally clear, “On all
four wings inP.patricia thereis afourthspotplaced... midway betweenthenodus
Revision ofAustropetaliidae 233
andpterostigmata,... Nosuch spotexists inP.apollo."
NotmentionedbyDUNKLE(1985) areseveral otherdifferencesbetweenAustro-
petalia andPhyllopetalia including poorly developed marginal facial hairfringe,
wideseparation of lateralocelli, distally displaced pterostigmatal brace veinand
associatedredblotch,typicallyT-shaped postnodalredblotch,maleauricleslonger
than wide, femaleauricles present, staggered dorsalabdominal markings, rudi-
mentary lateral carinaeon terga3-8 offemaleand 3ofmale, andmale epiproct
withelongate quadrate apical shelf, apomorphies italicized.Dunklefurtherstates
“The secondary genitaliaand wing venation is essentially identicalin both gen-
era”. However, in P. apollo, as in all eurypetaliine Austropetaliidae, the genital
lobeis functionallyreplaced by alargebilobateexpansion ofpenilesegment 1,the
apices oftheposteriorhamuliaredirectedslightly medially,andthepterostigmatal
brace vein is located ator near theproximal end ofthepterostigmata. Thefalse
perception that Neopetaliidae and Austropetaliidae form a “compact group”
(DAVIES, 1981) isbasedon pervasive plesiomorphy, similar wing color patterns
related topossible warning coloration and mimicry, andthe almosttotal lack of
good quality taxonomicmaterial.Forexample, McLACHLAN(1870) comments
“My single example (type of Hypopetalia pestilens) has evidently been placed
betweenthepagesof abook...”, andSELYS(1878) states"...lesespeces ayantete
etablies d’abordsur des exemplaires uniques d’unseul sexe eten assez mauvais
etat.” The resulting perception of uniformity has nurturedlittleappreciation for
eitherthediversity withintheAustropetaliidae, orthephylogenetic significance of
thegroupasawhole.
DISCUSSION
Austropetaliidscomprisetheisolatedantipodeanremnants ofarchetypal aeshnoid
evolution. Theirdistributionis mirroredin thenorthern hemisphere by cordule-
gastrids which exhibit a similar morphologic grade (CARLE, 1983). The sister
grouprelationship proposed by CARLE (1982, 1986, 1995)betweenAeshnoidea
(Aeshnidae -(-Austropetaliidae)andLibelluloidea(Cordulegastridae +Neopetaliidae
+Chlorogomphidae +Synthemistiidae + Gomphomacromiidae +Libellulidae) is
supported by the 137 yearmisassociationof Phyllopetalia with Neopetalia. Al-
though many similaritiesbetween these superfamilies are undoubtedly due to
symplesiomorphy, otherssuch as dorsal development of the compound eyes in
adults and larvae, phragmatic transverse abdominal musculature oflarvae, and
moundlikeproventricular lobes,are noncorrelated,forming a neapomorphic con-
gruenttripletofconsiderableanalytical weight. Although larvalGomphoidea and
Petaluroideaare relatively specialized, lack oftheabove neapomorphies suggest
that their larval specialization occurred before the phylogenetic split between
AeshnoideaandLibelluloidea.
Aeshnoidea, although decidedly plesiolypic are characterized by diverse
234 F.L. Carle
neapomorphy including forewing triangle typically morethan3/4length ofsupra-
triangle, larval epiproct typically bifurcate apically, proventricular lobes small-
-moundlikewith 8 or fewerclustered teeth, larvalcompound eyes produced for-
ward (widest anteriortoantennal bases), andseveral apparent coapomorphies of
theadult genitalia including anterior laminawith elongate medial cleft, anterior
hamulilamellateanddirectedmedially, posteriorhamulivestigial,medianprocess
ofmaleabdominal segment2shortL-shaped with anteroventralface developed
intoasharp edged valveseparator,andovipositor hyperdeveloped being suitedfor
endophytic oviposition. Considering the secondary genitalia and ovipositor of
Aeshnoideaplesiomorphic hasledsome workers to considerthemthesistergroup
to extant Anisoptera. This is unfortunatesincethe complementary apomorphies
are predominantly correlatedexapomorphies, and therefore oflittle analytical
weight. Thesupposed plesiotypic nature ofaeshnoid oviposition, and correlated
malesecondary genitalic type,isalsoindoubtas thepetaluroid complete oviposi-
torisassociatedwithexophytic oviposition andismostsimilartothatofApterygota
amongextantOdonata.In addition,certainfossil“Zygoptera” arecharacterizedby
exophytic ovipositors, andMeganisoptera, Epiophlebia, Petaluridae,Austroptaliidae,
andAeshnidaelack thespinose ventralmetagonocoxal ridge ofextant Zygoptera
suggesting thatthelatterconditionis apomorphic. Finally, thesimilarity between
petaluroid andcordulegastrid secondary genitalia given theannectent position of
Aeshnoidea(CARLE, 1995),indicatesthatthepetaluroid typeis most similarto
the plesiotypic secondary genitalic type from which thegomphoid andaeshnoid
types have been independently derived. Also the sperm canalof austropetaliids
apparently opens distally on the third penile segment between the bases ofthe
flagellae. Although speculative, pendulous cornua may have served for theinitial
occlusionoftheapical spermcanal inplesiotypicAeshnidae.
Austropetaliid autapomorphies recallan ancientyouthful era in creationwhen
bizarre solutions to evolutionary problems were seemingly more common. The
mostoutstanding autapomorphy is thecostalseriesof5-8bloodredorbrowntrans-
parentblotches whichmay serve as a warning coloration.This pattern has been
apparently mimickedin theNeopetaliidae (CARLE &LOUTON, 1994).Another
unusual characteristic ofadultaustropetaliids is the leaflike lateralexpansion of
terga7and8exhibitedby severalChileanrepresentatives ofthefamily. Larvae are
apomorphically distinguishedfromallAnisopteraby the strongly distallywidened
labrum,massive ventrolateraldevelopment ofthe occipital ridge, dorsally excres-
cent femora, obsolete transverse abdominalmuscles, extensively granulate body
surface, and well developed laterallobes ofabdominalsegments 1-10 whichap-
parently mimictheserrateedges ofdetritalNothofagus leaves.However, consider-
ableaustropetaliid plesiomorphy relativeto Aeshnidaeexists and includes: com-
pound eyes approximate or meeting atapoint dorsally (eyes not meeting along a
dorsaleye seam),abdomenwithoutwell developed lateralcarinae(except on seg-
ments7 and 8 where carinaemay beflangelike), wings withoutwell developed
Revision ofAustropetaliidae 235
planates (weakradialplanates typically developed), forewing triangle withproxi-
mal sidemore than 1/2anteriorside, penis laterally exposed, penile prepucewell
developed, anteriorlaminawithwidemedialcleft, larvalprementumonly slightly
wideneddistally,larvalparaprocts shorterthan1/2widthofabdominalsegment9,
andpenilesegment4pendulous withhuge pairedflagella directedposteroventrally.
Withregard tothelattercharacter, theflagella orapparentfourthpenilesegmentof
austropetaliids may be derived fromthe cornual flanges ofthe third penile seg-
ment;note that they arealsofully articulatedinplesiotypic Gomphoidea.
KEYTO THESUBFAMILIES,
TRIBES,AND GENERAOF AUSTROPETALIIDAE
1 Compoundeyes separated by cawidth ofmedian ocellus, antefrons with dorsal yellow stripe,
postfrontal suture present, anterior face ofocciput trapezoidal;dorsal mesanepistemalstripes
obtuse triangular;thorax laterallywithyellowish whitestripes, metanepimeralstripecurvate;
wingswith7-8 brown costalblotches;forewingbasal blotch vestigialand hindwingbasal blotch
well developed;maleepiproctcaaswideaslong;femalewithabdominal terga less than twiceas
long ashigh; female without carinae orflanges onabdominalsegments. Measurements: total
length6 56.0-57.0ram, 9 50.0-53.0mm; abdominal length 6 41.0-42.0 mm, 9 36.0-39.0 mm;
hindwing 31.0-32,0 mm, 9 33.0-34.0 mm
Archipetaliinacsubfam.n. - ArchipetaliaauriculataTillyard
Distribution: Australia:Tasmania- CradleMountain(TILLYARD,1917a),St.Clair,Broad
River Valley(FRASER, 1960).
Flight Season: 18-X-1917 to 15-1-1917 atCradle Mountain, R.J.Tillyardleg.
Compound eyes contiguous,antefrons notbrown with dorsal yellowstripe,postfrontal suture
absent, anteriorface ofocciput triangular;dorsalmesanepistemalstripesnot obtuse triangular;
thorax laterallywithyellownon-curvate stripesorwhitespots;wingswith4-7red costalblotches;
fore and hindwings with basal blotches similar;maleepiproct longer thanwide; female with
abdominal tetga morethantwiceaslongashigh;female withatleast vestigiallateralcarinaeor
flangesonabdominal segment7 2
2 Face without well developedmarginalhair fringe;lateralocelliseparated by morethanwidth of
medianocellus;bracevein located nearmiddleofpterostigmata,pterostigraalredblotchcentered
behind pterostigmata;abdominalmarkingspea-green; abdominal postantecostalspots offsetlat-
erallyfrom basal stripes; abdominal segments 3-7 in female and 3 in male with rudimentary
lateral carinae; female forewing with8 costalblotches; male auricles longerthanwide, female
auricles present Austropetaliinaesubfam.n. - AustropetaliaTillyard
- Face with well developedmarginalhair fringe; lateral ocelli separatedby less than width of
median ocellus; brace vein notlocated nearmiddle ofpterostigmata,pterostigmalred blotch
centeredbehind proximalend ofpterostigmata;abdominal markings yellow, bluish green, or
obsolete; abdominal postantecostal spots in line with basal stripesorobsolete; abdominal seg-
ments 7 and 8 withwell developedlateral carinae orflanges;female fore wingwith5-7 costal
blotches;maleauricles widerthan long, female auricles absent 3
3 Postclypeusbrown; lateral ocelli and compound eyes not contiguous;occiput transverse with
dorsallydirected spine; thorax with middorsal mesanepistemaland ventrolateral metepimeral
carinae hyperdeveloped;thoraxdorsallycoarselygranulatewithoutstripes,laterallywith 3white
spots;subtriangles2-3 celled;forewings with blotch atbase ofdistal pleat;wingswithblotch
between nodus and pterostigmata;brace vein proximal topterostigmata, associated redblotch
centeredproximaltopterostigmata,pterostigmatayellow;abdomen reddishbrownwithbasolateral
236 EL.Carle
white spoton segment2;segments 3-7 laterallycompressed withmiddorsal carinae;segment 8
withlateralcarinae;penilereceivercleftlike,lowerthangenitallobes,posteriorlywithshallow V-
shapednotch;posteriorhamuliwith apices directed slightlylaterally;male abdominalteigum 2
higherthan long; male cerci flat with slightventral inflation nearbase. Measurements: total
length 3 81.0-85.0 mm, 978.0-86.0 mm; abdominal length t? 63.0-67.0mm, 960.0-67.0 mm;
hind wing 6 46.0-50.0 mm, 9 49.0-53.0mm
Hypopetaliinaesubfam.n. - Hypopetaliapestilens McLachlan
Distribution: Chile: Precordillera andina (PIRION, 1933); Arauco Prov. - Contulmo
(SCHMIDT,1941),Caramavida, Peillem-Pill(PENA, 1954);CautinProv.-Cholchol(NEEDHAM
&BULLOCK, 1943),Pucdn;Chilod Prov.-Ahoni;CuricdProv,- precordilleradeCurico(PENA,
1968,1987),QuebradaHonda (ElCoigo);Linares Prov.- Embalse Bullileo;LlanquihueProv. -
LagoChapo (PENA, 1968), Raulin(MOORE, 1992);Malleco Prov. - Angol (NEEDHAM &
BULLOCK, 1943),Cordillera deNahuelbuta (PENA, 1968, 1987),LonquimayRio Picoiquen;
TalcaProv. -Vilches;ValdiviaProv.- lslaTeja(JURZ!TZA,1975),RioFuta(JURZITZA, 1989);
Valpariso? (FRASER, 1957).
Flightseason:5-X-1944,Cordillera deNahuelbuta,M.Cerda leg.to20-1-1905,Contulmo,
O. Schonemann leg.
- Postclypeus yellow; lateral ocelli and compoundeyes nearly contiguous;occiput nottransverse
withdorsallydirectedspine;thoraxwithmiddorsal mesanepistemalandventrolateral metepimeral
carinae normal;thorax dorsally finely granulatewith stripes, laterally with yellow stripes;
subtriangles 1 celled;forewingswithoutblotch atbase ofdistal pleat; wingswithout blotchbe-
tweennodus and pterostigmata;brace vein nearproximal end ofpterostigmata,associated red
blotch centered atproximalend ofpterostigmata,pterostigmatared;abdomen brown withdorsal
and lateral markings; segments 3-7 cylindricalwithout middorsal carinae;segment 8withlateral
flanges;penilereceiverbilobate.higherthangenitallobes,posteriorlywithwide U-shapednotch;
posterior hamuli with apices directed slightly medially;male abdominal tergum 2 longer than
light; male cerci ventrally inflated beyondbase Eurypetaliinaesubfara.n. - 4
4 Antefrons and clypeussubequal in height,firms slightly narrowerthan clypeus; occiput trans-
verseridgelikewith thinpalehair fringe;lateral thoracic yellowstripes ventrallymarginedwith
black; mesepimeralstripes stronglyconstricted abovemiddle; membranule well developed;ab-
dominal tergum 7withlateral flangeatmost 1/6aswide aslong;dorsal abdominalstripes 3-6
separated by narrowbrown line; analbrace originates proximal toCu-A crossvein; male with
hind wingmaiginlevel distaltolornus; male epiproctal rami extended well beyond cerci
Rheopetaliinitrib.n. - 5
- Antefrons higherthan clypeus,firms slightlywiderthanclypeus;occiput globoseorpyramidal
without thin hair fringe; lateral thoracic yellowstripes not ventrally marginedwith black;
mesepimeral stripes atmost slightlyconstricted above middle;membranule vestigial; abdominal
tergum 7withlateralflangeatleast 1/4aswideaslong;dorsal abdominal stripes3-6separatedat
least by width ofstripe;anal brace originatesnearCu-A crossvein;male with hindwingmargin
concavedistal totornus; maleepiproctalraminearapex ofcerci Eurypetaliinitrib.n.- 6
5 Labrum predominantlybrown;occipitalhair fringeblond;dorsal mesanepistemalstripe widest
nearmiddle, notextended to antealar slope; metepimeralstripewider than midbasal space;ab-
dominal segment 8 with lateral flange large-finlike,that ofsegment 7 rimlike; abdominal seg-
ments 3-7with submedian yellowspotsdistalto antecostal suture;malecerci without largeme-
dialtooth;analbrace curved apically;maleepiproctal lengthca3times width atrami
Rheopetaliagen.n.
Type-species: R.rex sp.n.
- Labrumpredominantlyyellow;occipitalhairfringecoppery orange;dorsalmesanepistemalstripes
parallelsided, extended to nearantealar carinae; metepimeralstripe notwiderthan midbasal
space; abdominal segments 3-7 predominantlybrownish yellow distal to antecostal suture; ab-
dominalterga7and 8withlateralflangessubequal, bothnarrow flangelike;malecerci withlarge
Revision ofAustropetaliidae 237
medial tooth;anal brace nearlystraight; maleepiproctal lengthca2timeswidthatrami. Meas-
urements:totallength 365.0-72.0 mm, 263.0-71.0 mm;abdominal length6 48.0-56.0 mm, 9
47.0-54.0 mm;hind wing 3 36.0-41.0mm, 2 41.0-44.mm Odontopetaliagen.n.
Type-species:P. apolloSelys, monotypic.
Distribution: Chile (SELYS,1878);Arauco Prov.- Cararaavida (DUNKLE, 1985);Biobio
Prov. - Troyo;Cautin Prov. - Cholchol (DUNKLE, 1985);Chilod Prov.- Ahoni, Dalcahue;
ConcepcidnProv.- Concepcidn(HERRERAetal., 1955/56);LinaresProv.- Linares;Lianquihue
Prov. - Peulla;Malleco Prov.- Angol(DUNKLE, 1985),Las Raices, Victoria; Maule Prov. -
Tregualemu;Numble Prov. - Quillon;Santiago?Prov. - Las Mercedes (GAZULLA, 1928);
Valparaiso?Prov.-Valparaiso(HERRERAetal., 1955/56);ValdiviaProv.-Valdivia,Sto.Domingo
(JURZITZA, 1989), Pilicahuin.
Flight season:20-IX-1940,Cautin, D.Cayunleg.to29-1-1995,Pilicahuin,A.Ugarteleg.
6 Occiput nottripartiteridgelikewith anterodorsal spine;antefrons entirelyblack, orbrown with
antefrontal carinaeyellow;wings withbasal blotch entirelywinered and extended toproximal
costalbrace, basal brown obsolete; dorsal mesanepistemaland dorsal abdominal stripes bluish
green; lateral flanges oftergum 7widest nearposteriortergal carina;male cerci without ventral
keellike spine Eurypetalia gen.n.
Type-species; E. altarensis sp.n.
- Occiputtripartiteridgelikewithanterodorsal spine;antefronsmostlyblack withantefrontalcarina
yellow;wingswithbasalblotchbrown, oftenreducedtovestigialbasalspot;dorsalmesanepistemal
stripes yellow,dorsal abdominal stripeslightgreenoryellow;lateral flanges oftergum7widest
well anteriortoposteriortergalcarina; malecerci with ventral keellike spine 7
7 Labrum yellow;antefrons 1.3-1.7timesheightofpostclypeus; anterior surfaceofantefrons with
wide dorsalyellowband;occiputwithdenseblond hair;postoccipitalhorns present;metepimeral
stripeswider thanmidbasal space; male with basal wingblotches vestigial;female dorsal ab-
dominal stripeson3-6 separatedbytwostripewidths;lateral flangesofabdominal tergum7caas
wide asthose oftergum8;malecerci bootlike Ophiopetaliagen.n.
Type-species: O.diana sp.n.
- Labrumlightbrown; antefrons 1.7-2.2times heightofpostclypeus; antefrontal carinae narrowly
yellow;male occiputwithdense blackhair,female occiput withscattered lightbrownhair;post
occipitalhorns absent;metepimeralstripesnarrower,than midbasal space; malewith basal wing
blotches welldeveloped;femaledorsal abdominal stripeson3-6 separatedby onestripe width;
lateral flangesofabdominal tergum7 widerthan those oftergum8;male cerci stalklikein basal
half.Measurements: totallength <J 58.0-62.0 mm, 9 57.0-66.0 mm; abdominal lengthS 45.0-
-48.0mm, 9 43.0-50.0 mm;hindwing i 33.0-36.0mm, 9 37.0-40.0 mm
Phyllopetaliastictica Hagen
Distribution: Argentina:NeuquenProv. - PuertoTromen (MUZON &DEBANDI, 1992);
Chile;Arauco Prov.- Contulmo (SCHMIDT,1941),Caramavida (DUNKLE, 1985);Chiloe Prov.
- Ahoni,Dalcahue,Chaiten,Cucau;Malleco Prov. - Las Raices;OsornoProv.- AguasCalientes,
Antillanca;Valdivia prov.-Valdivia (SELYS, 1858),Comudes (SCHMIDT,1941),Sto.Domingo
(JURZITZA, 1989).
Flight season;5-IX-1904to 13-1-1905,Contulmo,O. Schonemann leg.
ARCHIPETALIINI
Type genus:ArchipetaliaTillyard 1917.
Monotypic: Archipetaliaauriculata Tillyard.
Very smallaustropetaliids coloredbrownandmarkedwith yellowandwhite.
238 F.L.Carle
Head. - Labrum dusky yellow with medial and marginal areas brown, an-
teclypeus brown,postclypeus yellow withapicesoflaterallobes brown,antefrons
brownwith wideanterioryellow bandon dorsal surface, antefronsnarrowerthan
postclypeus, and 1.3 c?, 1.2 2 times median height ofpostclypeus, antefrontal
carinaeweak, not developed laterally, face with lateralsetae diffuse, compound
eyesseparated by cawidthofmedianocculus, lateralocelliseparated by morethan
widthofmedianocellus, lateral ocelliseparated from compound eyes by ca 1/2
width,postfrontal suture present, occipital crestroundedwithoutdorsalspine and
withweakly developed posterior transversehairfringe.
Thorax.- Thoraxbrown, dorsal mesanepisternal stripes obtuse triangular,
thoracic dorsumnot coarsely granulate, mesanepimeral stripes yellowish white,
parallelsided, andwithoutventralblackborder, metanepimeral stripescurved.
Wings. - Wings with7-8 brown costalblotches, forewings withoutblotchat
baseofdistalpleat,wingswithblotchbetweennodusandpterostigmata, pterostigmal
redblotchcenteredbehindpterostigmata, bracevein locatedatcaproximalfifth of
pterostigma, pterostigmata red,triangles2celled,subtriangles 1 celled,analbrace
originates proximal to Cu-Acrossvein, male hind wing margin straight distal to
tornus, membranulewell developed.
Abdomen.- Abdominalmarkings yellow, dorsalpostantecostal spotsoffset
laterally frombasal stripes, dorsalabdominalstripes 3-6 separated by atleast 1/2
width ofstripe, femaleabdominalterga less than twice as long as high,female
auricles presentwithoutcarinaeor flanges onabdominalsegments,maleepiproct
ca as wide as long, male epiproctal shelfshorter than wide, with apical margin
truncate, malecercitwistedstraplike.
Genitalia.- Posterior hamuli slightly L-shaped with apices directed
posteroventrally and slightly laterally, penile receiver slightly bilobateand lower
than genital lobes,posteriorly withlevelV-shaped notch.
AUSTROPETALIINI
Type genus:AustropetaliaTillyard 1916.
Austropetaliiniinclude: AustropetaliapatriciaTillyard,and A. victoria sp.n.
Small austropetaliids colored reddish brown and marked with pea greenand
yellow.
Head. - Labrum brown with irregular transverse subapical yellow band,
anteclypeus brown,postclypeus yellow withapicesoflaterallobesbrown,antefrons
brownnarrower thanpostclypeus, and 1.4-1.5 S, 1.2-1.3 2 times medianheight
ofpostclypeus, antefrontal carinaewell developed, pale yellow medially, bright
yellow laterally, facewithlateralsetae diffuse,compound eyes nearly contiguous,
lateralocelli separated by more than width ofmedianocellus, lateral ocelliand
compound eyes separated by ca 1/2 width, postfrontal suture obsolete, occipital
Revision ofAustropetaliidae 239
crestroundedwithtransverse ridge, withoutdorsalspine, andwithwelldeveloped
slightly posterior transversehair fringe.
Thorax.-Thorax brown, dorsalmesanepistemal stripes parallel sided,tho-
racic dorsum not coarsely granulate, mesanepimeral stripes green withoutwell
developed ventralblackborder, stripes slightlyconstricted, metanepimeral stripes
slightly sinuous.
Wings.- Wings with 5-6 red costal blotchesand basalbrown blotch, distal
blotchesborderedwithbrown,femaleantenodalsoftenwithsmallbrownblotches,
forewingswithoutblotchatbaseofdistalpleat, wings withblotchbetweennodus
and pterostigmata, pterostigmal red blotch centered behind pterostigmata,
pterostigmatared,brace veinlocatedatcaproximal thirdofpterostigma, triangles
2-3celled,subtriangles 1celled,analbraceoriginatesproximal toCu-Acrossvein,
malehindwing margin straight distal totomus,membranulewell developed.
Abdomen.- Abdominalmarkingspeagreen,dorsalpostantecostal spotsoff-
setlaterally frombasal stripes, dorsalabdominalstripes 3-6 separated by atleast
1/2widthofstripe, femaleabdominaltergamorethantwiceas longashigh,female
auriclespresent, abdomenwithoutlateralflanges, malewithrudimentary carinae
on abdominalterga3 only, femalewith rudimentary carinaeon abdominalseg-
ments3-7, maleepiproct longerthanwide,maleepiproctal shelflongerthan wide,
withapical margin truncate,malecercistraplike.
Genitalia.-Posteriorhamulisicklelikewithapices directedposteroventrally,
penilereceiverslightly bilobateandlowerthangenital lobes,posteriorlywithlevel
V-shaped notch.
KEYTOTHESPECIESOFAUSTROPETALIA
1 Anteriorfaceofanlefrons stronglyconvexinlateralview;lateral ocellarelevations withoutante-
rior processes; dorsalmesanepisternalstripesparallel sided,dorsally separated by morethan 3
timeswidth; lateral pterothoracicstripesnarrowerthan supratriangles, and slightlysinuous with
dorsal end ofmesanepisternallateral stripeproducedposteriorly, metanepisternumwithout dor-
sal spot; costa yellow, wingblotches with wide brown margins;metapoststemum withvestigial
anteriortransverse ridge;lateral marginoftergum9 withuniform paleband; male lateral genital
carinae denticulate and stronglyupcurved,genitalshelf 1/3aswide aslong;malecerciangulate
apically, ca 1/4aswide aslong, and withwelldevelopedventromedialdenticle; male epiproct
withventrolateralridgesparallel;femalewingswithblotchesatarculus and subcostal antenodals
proximaltodistalcostalbrace,nodal blotchextendedontobridgecells; femaleabdominal tergum
9ca 1.2times aslongashighatbase,gonostyli ca 1.0mmlong. Measurements: total lengthS
61.0-65.0mm, 2 57.0-60.0mm; abdominal lengthS 47.0-51.0mm, 2 42.0-44.5 mm;hindwing
S 32.0-35.0mm, 2 36.5-39.0 mm patricia (Tillyard)
Distribution:Australia: New South Wales- Blue Mountains atLeura and Blackheath
(TILLYARD,1907, 1910, 1916),Kosciusko andBerrimaDistricts (FRASER, 1960),FitzroyFalls
nearRobertson,Wentworthfalls;Victoria - Kingslake National Park (FRASER, 1960).
Flightseason:5-X-1950,WentworthFalls,R. Dobsonleg.toDecember(FRASER, 1960).
- Anteriorface ofantefrons slightlyconvexin lateralview;lateral ocellarelevations withanterior
processes;dorsal mesanepistemalstripeswidest dorsally,dorsallyseparated by lessthan 3 times
240 F.L. Carle
width; lateral pterothoracicstripes wider than supratriangles, and nearlystraightwithout dorsal
end ofmesanepistemallateral stripeproducedposteriorly,metanepistemumwith dorsal spot;
costareddish brown,wingblotches with narrowbrown margins; metapoststemumwith well de-
velopedanteriortransverseridge;lateral marginoftergum 9withpaleband vestigialposteriorly;
male lateralgenitalcarinae nondenticulate and gentlyupcurved,genitalshelf 1/4aswide aslong;
male cerci rounded apically, ca 1/3aswide as long,and with weakly developedventromedial
denticle;maleepiproctwithventrolateral ridgesconvergentdistally;female wingswithoutblotches
at arculusand subcostal antenodalsproximalto distal costalbrace,nodal blotchatmost slightly
extended ontobridgecells; female abdominal tergum 9caaslongashighatbase, gonostyli ca
1.5mm long. Measurements: total length <3 63.0-66.0 mm, 9 64.0-65,0mm; abdominal length
t? 48.5-50.5 mm, 9 46.0-47.0 mm;hindwing 6 35.0-37.0 mm, 9 41.0-43.0mm
victoria sp.n.
Holotype 3: Australia: New South Wales, Mt. Kosciusko 5,000-7,000 feet, 12-XII-1931,
Darlingtonleg.,depositedMuseum ofComparativeZoology,Boston. Allotype 9: sameas for
holotype. Paratypes: 1 9,New South Wales: Blue Mountains,Wentworth Falls, 18-XI-1921,
R.J.Tillyardleg.,depositedBritish Museum(NaturalHistory),London; 1 3,Australian Capital
Territory, Gibraltar Falls, 8-XI-1972, T.W. Donnelly leg., depositedFlorida State Collection of
Arthropods (FSCA),
Flightseason:8-XI-1972,GibraltarFalls,T.W.Donnellyleg,to12-X1I-1931,Mt.Kosciusko,
Darlington leg.
HYPOPETALIINI
Type genus: HypopetaliaMcLachlan 1870.
Monotypic: HypopetaliapestilensMcLachlan
Large austropetaliids coloredreddishbrownandmarkedwith whiteandblack.
Head.-Labrumlightbrown,anteclypeus darkbrown,postclypeus lightbrown,
antefronslightbrown,narrower than postclypeus, and 1.2 <J, 1.1 9 timesmedian
height of postclypeus, antefrontalcarinaewell developed, face with lateral setae
diffuse-fringelike, compound eyes nearly contiguous, lateralocelli separated by
less thanwidthofmedianocellus, lateralocelliandcompound eyes separated by
ca 1/2width, postfrontal suture obsolete, occipital cresttransverse ridgelike with
dorsally directedspine andwithwell developed transverse hairfringe.
Thorax.-Thoraxgrayish brown,middorsalandantealarcarinae darkbrown,
dorsal mesanepistemal stripes obsolete, thoracic dorsum coarsely granulate,
mesanepimera withventralyellowish whitespotswithblackborder, metanepimeral
stripes dividedinto two yellowish whitespots, ventral spotborderedwithblack.
Wings.- Wings with 7-8red costal blotches, basalblotchbrown basally, all
blotches brownishwith age, forewings with smallblotch at base ofdistal pleat,
wings withblotchbetweennodusandpterostigmata,pterostigmalredblotchcentered
proximal to pterostigmata, brace veinproximal to pterostigma, pterostigmata yel-
low, yellowish brownwith age, triangles 3-4celled,subtriangles 2-3 celled,anal
braceoriginates proximaltoCu-Acrossvein, malehindwingmargin slightlycon-
cave distal totornus,membranulewell developed.
Abdomen.- Abdominalmarkings obsoleteexceptforbasolateralwhitespot