Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology: Continuation of Residue Reviews, United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Drinking Water Health Advisories

194 Pages·1989·4.12 MB·English

by  George W. Ware (auth.)

Reviews of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology
VOLUME 107
Reviews of
Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology
Continuation of Residue Reviews
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Drinking Water Health Advisories
Editor
George W. Ware
Editorial Board
F Bro-Rasmussen, Lyngby, Denmark
DG Crosby, DavIs, Callforma G H Hudson, OvenJse, BelgIUm
H. Frehse, Leverkusen-Bayerwerk, Germany
H.F. Lmskens, NIJmegen, The Netherlands
0. Hutzmger, Bayreuth, Germany· N N Melmkov, Moscow, U.S.S R
M L Leng, Midland, Michigan R. Mestres, MontpellIer, France
D P Morgan, Oakdale, Iowa P De Pletn-TonellI, Milano, Italy
Founding Editor
Francis A. Gunther
VOLUME 107
Springer-Verlag
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Coordinating Board of Editors
GEORGE W. WARE, Editor
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
College of Agriculture
Umverslty of Anzona
Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
[phone]
HERBERT N. NIGG, Editor
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Agncultural Research and Education Center
Umverslty of Florida
700 Expenmental Station Road
Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA
[phone]
ARTHUR BEVENUE, Editor
Archives of EnVironmental ContammatlOn and Toxicology
35 Fifteenth Avenue
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[phone]
New York 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
Heidelberg 6900 Heidelberg I, Postfach 105 280, West Germany
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 62-18595
ISSN 0179-5953
© 1989 by Spnnger-Verlag New York Inc
Softcover reprmt of the hardcover I st edition 1989
All rIghts reserved This work may not be translated or copied In whole or In part WIthout the wntten
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except for bnef excerpts In connectIOn wIth reviews or scholarly analYSIS Use In connectIOn wIth any
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diSSimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed IS forbidden
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former are not especially IdentIfied, IS not to be taken as a sign that such names, a; understood by
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ISBN-13 978-1-4684-7085-7 e-ISBN-13 978-1-4684-7083-3
DOL 101007/978-1-4684-7083-3
Foreword
Global attention in scientific, industrial, and governmental communities to
traces of toxic chemicals in foodstuffs and in both abiotic and biotic environ
ments has justified the present triumvirate of specialized publications in this
field: comprehensive reviews, rapidly published progress reports, and archival
documentations. These three publications are integrated and scheduled to pro
vide in international communication the coherency essential for nonduplicative
and current progress in a field as dynamic and complex as environmental con
tamination and toxicology. Until now there has been no journal or other publica
tion series reserved exclusively for the diversified literature on "toxic" chemicals
in our foods, our feeds, our geographical surroundings, our domestic animals,
our wildlife, and ourselves. Around the world immense efforts and many talents
have been mobilized to technical and other evaluations of natures, locales,
magnitudes, fates, and toxicology of the persisting residues of these chemicals
loosed upon the world. Among the sequelae of this broad new emphasis has
been an inescapable need for an articulated set of authoritative publications
where one could expect to find the latest important world literature produced
by this emerging area of science together with documentation of pertinent ancil
lary legislation.
The research director and the legislative or administrative adviser do not have
the time even to scan the large number of technical publications that might con
tain articles important to current responsibility; these individuals need the back
ground provided by detailed reviews plus an assured awareness of newly
developing information, all with minimum time for literature searching. Simi
larly, the scientist assigned or attracted to a new problem has the requirements
of gleaning all literature pertinent to his task, publishing quickly new develop
ments or important new experimental details to inform others of findings that
might alter their own efforts, and eventually publishing all his supporting data
and conclusions for archival purposes.
The end result of this concern over these chores and responsibilities and with
uniform, encompassing, and timely publication outlets in the field of environ
mental contamination and toxicology is the Springer-Verlag (Heidelberg and
New York) triumVirate:
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Vol. 1 in 1962 as
Residue Reviews through Vol. 97 in 1986) for basically detailed review
articles concerned With any aspects of chemical contaminants, including
VI Foreword
pesticides, in the total environment with their toxicological considerations
and consequences.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Vol. 1 in 1966) for
rapid publication of short reports of significant advances and discoveries
in the fields of air, soil, water, and food contamination and pollution as
well as methodology and other disciplines concerned with the introduc
tion, presence, and effects of toxicants in the total environment.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Vol. 1 in 1973) for
important complete articles emphasizing and describing original
experimental or theoretical research work pertaining to the scientific
aspects of chemical contaminants in the environment.
Manuscripts for Reviews and the Archives are in identical formats and are sub
ject to review, by workers in the field, for adequacy and value; manuscripts for
the Bulletin are also reviewed but are published by photo-offset to provide the
latest results without delay. The individual editors of these three publications
comprise the joint Coordinating Board of Editors with referral within the Board
of manuscripts submitted to one publication but deemed by major emphasis or
length more suitable for one of the others.
Coordinating Board of Editors
Preface
Scope and Purpose of the Health Advisory Program
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Office of Drink
ing Water (ODW) Health Advisory Program was initiated to provide information
and guidance to individuals or agencies concerned with potential risk from
drinking water contaminants for which no national regulations currently exist.
Health Advisories (HAs) are prepared for contaminants that meet two criteria:
(1) the contaminant has the potential to cause adverse health effects in exposed
humans, and (2) the contaminant is either known to occur or might reasonably be
expected to occur in drinking water supplies. Each HA contains information on
the nature of the adverse health effects associated with the contaminant and the
concentrations of the contaminant that would not be anticipated to cause an
adverse effect following various periods of exposure. In addition, the HA sum
marizes information on available analytical methods and treatment techniques
for the contaminant.
History and Present Status
The program was begun in 1978, and guidance was issued for the first 20 con
taminants in 1979. At that time, the concentrations judged to be safe were
termed "Suggested-No-Adverse-Response Levels" (SNARLs). These guidance
values were retitled Health Advisories in 1981. To date, the USEPA has issued
48 HAs in final form, covering a wide variety of inorganic and organic con
taminants and one microbial contaminant (Legionella). In addition, USEPA has
issues draft HAs on 50 pesticides that are being studied in the USEPA National
Pesticide Survey, and is preparing additional HAs on various unregulated vola
tile organic chemicals, disinfectants and their by-products, and other inor
ganic contaminants.
Quality Assurance
Initial drafts of each HA undergo a series of thorough reviews before they are
released to the public. The general technical content and the risk assessment
values are reviewed by a group of independent expert scientists, an ODW Toxico
logical Review Panel, and any other USEPA offices with interest and expertise
viii Preface
in the contaminant. The draft HAs are also distributed for review and comment
by the public. Each HA is revised in response to criticisms and suggestions
received during the review process before being released in final draft form. Each
HA is periodically updated as significant new information becomes available that
may impact the original conclusions or guidance values.
Acknowledgments
The development of each HA involves the participation of many individuals. The
following members of the Health Advisory Program are acknowledged for their
valuable contributions.
Michael B. Cook, Director, Office of Drinking Water
Joseph A. Cotruvo, Ph.D., Director, Criteria and Standards Division, Office
of Drinking Water
Edward V. Ohanian, Ph.D., Chief, Health Effects Branch of Office of Drink
ing Water
Victor J. Kimm, Ph.D., Director, Office of Drinking Water (1975-1985)
William Lappenbusch, Ph.D., Chief, Health Effects Branch, Office of Drink
ing Water (1980-1985)
Jennifer Orme, M.S., Health Advisory Program Coordinator
Charles Abernathy, Ph.D. Maria Gomez-Taylor, Ph.D.
Larry Anderson, Ph.D. Krishan Khanna, Ph.D.
Ken Bailey, Ph.D. Peter Lassovsky, P.E.
Ambika Bathija, Ph.D. Amal Mahfouz, Ph.D.
Paul Berger, Ph.D. William Marcus, Ph.D.
Steve Clark, P.E. Bruce Mintz, B.S.
Robert Cantilli, M.S. James Murphy, Ph.D.
Penelope Fenner-Crisp, Ph.D. Myron Ottley, Ph.D.
Julie Du, Ph.D. Yogendra Patel, Ph.D.
Susan Goldhaber, M.P.H. Robert Vanderslice, Ph.D.
The members of the Health Advisory Program would like to acknowledge the
assistance they have received from Kevin Gleason, Lori Gordon, Janet Nor
mandy, John Glennon, and William Brattin of Life Systems, Inc., Jan Connery,
Brana Lobel, and Heather Schroeder of Eastern Research Group, Inc., and
Marlene Regelski of ECOS Management, Inc.
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
AA Atomic absorption
AADI Adjusted Acceptable Daily Intake
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists
ADI Acceptable Daily Intake
ad lib ad libitum
ae acid equivalent
AWWA American Waterworks Association
BUN blood urea nitrogen
bw body weight
CAG USEPA Carcinogen Assessment Group
CAS Chemical Abstracts Service
CDL Company Document Library
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CHO Chinese hamster ovary
Ci Curie
CNS central nervous system
DC District of Columbia
DDT dichlordiphenyltrichloroethane
DHHS United States Department of Health and Human Services
dia diameter
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
DWEL Drinking Water Equivalent Level
EBCT empty bed contact time
FAD Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
FWPCA Federal Water Pollution Control Act
GAC granular-activated carbon
GC gas chromatography
GPT glutamate-pyruvate transaminase
XII List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
HA Health Advisory
HCDD hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
IgA immunoglobulin A
IgG immunoglobulin G
ip intraperitoneal
IRDC International Research and Development Corporation
IV intravenous
LDso median lethal dose
LDH lactic dehydrogenase
LH luteinizing hormone
LOAEL Lowest -Observed-Ad verse-Effect Level
LOEL Lowest-Observed-Effect Level
MAC Maximum Allowable Concentration
MCL Maximum Contamination Level
MLE Maximum Likelihood Estimate
MRID Microfiche Identification
MS mass spectroscopy
NADPH nicotine-adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NAS National Academy of Sciences
NCI National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NOAEL No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level
NOEL No-Observed-Effect Level
NRC National Research Council
NTIS National Technical Information Service
NTP National Toxicology Program
OCDD octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
OCT ornithine carbamoyltransferase
ODW Office of Drinking Water
OPP USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs
ORD USEPA Office of Research and Development
OSHA U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OTS USEPA Office of Toxic Substances
PAC powdered-activated carbon
ppm parts per million
ppb parts per billion
ppt parts per trillion