Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation: Volume 4A

630 Pages·1985·3.67 MB·English

by  Gary H. Glover (auth.)

Review of Progress in
QUANTITATIVE
NONDESTRUCTIVE
EVALUATION
Volume4A
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Review of Progress in
QUANTITATIVE
NONDESTRUCTIVE
EVALUATION
Volume4A
Edited by
Donald O. Thompson
Ames Laboratory (USDOE)
Iowa State Universtty
Ames, Iowa
and
Dale E. Chimenti
Materials Laboratory
Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Dayton, Ohio
PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 84-646699
ISBN-13:978-1-4615-9423-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-9421-5
001: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9421-5
First half of the proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Review of
Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation,
held July 8-13, 1984, at the University of California,
San Diego, California
©1985 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the reprint of the 1s t edition 1985
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
This volume (parts A and B) contains the edited papers presented at
the annual Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE held at the University
of California, San Diego, July 8-13, 1984. We have chosen to organize
the papers by subject, an arrangement that we feel to be more useful for
a reference volume than the order of paper presentation at the Review.
To do this, topical subject headings have been selected under which the
large majority of papers reasonably fall. These categories cover a
broad spectrum of research in NDE and encompass activities from funda
mental work to early engineering applications. The scope and depth of
the Review may be easily assessed by examination of the Table of Contents.
The Review was sponsored by the Center for Advanced NDE at the Ames Lab
oratory of the U.S. Dept. of Energy in cooperation with the Office of
Basic Energy Sciences, USDOE, the Materials Laboratory at Wright-Patterson
AFB, and the Naval Sea Systems Command. Approximately 300 attendees re
presenting various government agencies, industry, and universities parti
cipated in the technical presentations, poster sessions, and discussions.
This Review, possibly the most comprehensive annual symposium in NDE,
provides a valuable forum for the timely exchange of technical informa
tion. A few highlights of the Review are summarized in the following
paragraphs.
Dr. Gary H. Glover of General Electric, Medical Systems Business
Group, presented the keynote address on magnetic resonance imaging and
its use in characterizing the internal structure of living tissue. In
his paper, Dr. Glover describes several facets of this powerful imaging
technique including volume imaging with relaxation time and chemical
shift methods and system performance considerations. He concludes
his paper with a brief discussion of potential NDE applications of this
technique.
Major consideration was given in this conference to ultrasonic NDE,
and several interesting developments in this topic are reported in
Chapter 1. A decision-theoretic approach to flaw detection is shown to
result in significant experimental improvements in signal-to-noise ratios
in real-time signal processing. The interaction of a spatially varying
elastic field from a transducer with a flaw of comparable dimensions has
been modeled, and several other papers deal with the practical treatment
of signals from commercial ultrasonic transducers and systems. In an
other development, tomographic reconstruction from ultrasonic attenuation
and velocity has been made to yield defect and material property informa
tion.
A number of advances were reported that deal with techniques for the
detection and characterization of surface-connected flaws. In Chapter 2
v
VI PREFACE
on eddy current technology, an unusual application of a highly sensitive
SQUID device to map the magnetic field of an eddy-current coil is repor
ted. A series of papers that relate to the display of low frequency
eddy-current data using methods derived from holographic image recon
struction and which produced a lively exchange at the Review is also given.
Impressive results are reported in Chapter 3 that deal with the inversion
of eddy-current data. In measurements on narrow slots in flat plate
specimens, it is shown that slot length, depth, and opening could be
deduced by analyzing two-dimensional scan data according to a recent
theory for non-uniform coil fields. Papers that report the use of less
traditional techniques for surface flaw detection and characterization
are consolidated in Chapter 4. In a departure from typical detection
methods used in thermal imaging, it is shown that the phase perturbation
of an acoustic wave propagating in air just above a heated zone can be
used to infer the thermal properties of the solid. Another paper reports
the application of sensitive magneto-optic film materials to flaw visual
ization in ferrous materials.
A number of advances in inverse theoretical techniques and addition
al applications of inverse procedures to ultrasonics and eddy current
technology were reported. It is shown in Section A of Chapter 3 that the
use of a sensitivity matrix to assess the effects of noise and band lim
iting upon the quality of flaw reconstruction may provide a useful
"bridge" between inverse theory and practical application. Section B
includes a description of a technique to detect and characterize small
surface flaws in ceramics using leaky Rayleigh waves. It is shown that
the size of the cracks can be obtained from the acoustic spectra and
that the spectra are not strongly dependent on the crack orientation.
An interesting application of-a probabilistic technique to size and
classify flaws is also given in this section. In this case, the power
spectrum of the reflected ultrasonic wave is utilized to obtain the in
formation.
With the arrival of in-process inspection and control has come an
awareness of the need for accurate measurement of material properties.
The large number of papers in Chapter 5 reflect the justified interest
in this growing area. Headed by a review article on material processing,
this group includes work on thermal imaging to characterize thin
coatings, acoustic resonance, and ultrasonic scattering to determine the
porosity content of materials. Lamb-wave coupling between two plates
through the nugget of a spot weld is proposed as a measurement of weld
strength. Several papers treat the problem of wave propagation in the
presence of crystal grains, and acoustic microscopy is demonstrated in
application to surface characterization. Related research is contained
in Chapter 6 on acoustoelasticity and stress. Since the stress state of
a manufactured component can be a critical design parameter, reliable
determination of residual stress in the presence of crystalline texture
would be a highly useful capability. Work relating to stresses in plates,
interfacial stresses, and temperature effects is reported here.
This Review included several new features. Papers from a session on
product liability issues that arise from an increased reliance on NDE to
assure conformance to product quality standards are included as Section
A of Chapter 8, while nondestructive evaluation system reliability forms
the subject of a group of papers collected in Section B. Topics covered
range from statistical aspects of inspection to system performance mod
eling. A regular element of the Review over the past half-dozen years
PREFACE
has been an informal evening discussion session which focusses attention
on current NDE problems. Because of the substantial interest generated
among participants by this year's topic, Education for NDE Engineers,
the editors have included papers and the edited transcript drawn from
discussions at that session as Chapter 9.
The organizers of the Review wish to acknowledge the encouragement
provided by the management of the Ames Laboratory and the cooperation of
the various agencies recognized in the first paragraph of this Preface.
They especially wish to thank Dr. Gary Glover of General Electric's
Medical Systems Business Group for his excellent discussion of magnetic
resonance imaging techniques. They are also grateful to Drs. H. Wadley,
National Bureau of Standards, W. R. Scott, Naval Air Development Center,
P. Gammel, Naval Surface Weapons Center, C. Annis, Pratt & Whitney,
A. Berens, University of Dayton Research Institute, S. Marinov, Dresser
Atlas, H. Sabbagh, Analytics, Inc., and O. Smith, Rockwell International
Science Center, for their assistance in arranging selected sessions, and
to the chairpersons and participants at the Review who initiated and
contributed to the lively discussions. The organizers are particularly
indebted to Mrs. Diane Harris who managed the logistics of the Review,
to Ms. Linda Martin for her preparation of Review materials and assis
tance at the meeting, and to Ms. Margaret Pickett for her preparation of
this manuscript and many details of the Review preparations.
Donald O. Thompson
Ames Laboratory, USDOE
Iowa State University
Dale E. Chimenti
Materials Laboratory
Air Force Wright Aeronautical
Laboratories
Wright-Patterson AFB
CONTENTS
VOLUME 4A
KEYNOTE ADDRESS
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Medicine: Quantitative
Tissue Characterization...................................... 1
Gary H. Glover
CHAPTER 1: ULTRASONICS
Section A: Probability of Detection
Improvements in Ultrasonic Measurement Modeling with
Applications to Ultrasonic Reliability....................... 11
T. A. Gray, R. B. Thompson and B. P. Newberry
Statistical Approach to the Automation of Flaw Detection..... 19
R. K. E1s1ey, K. W. Fertig, J. M. Richardson and
F. Cohen-Tenoudji
Statistical Flaw Detection in a Scanning Mode................ 27
K. W. Fertig, J. M. Richardson and R. K. E1s1ey
Section B: Scattering
A Finite Element Formulation for Ultrasonic NDT Modeling..... 37
R. Ludwig and W. Lord
Comparison of the T-Matrix and Helmholtz Integral Equation
Methods for Wave Scattering Calculations..................... 45
W. Tobocman
Ultrasonic Scattering in Composites Using Spatial
Fourier Transform Techniques................................. 53
L. W. Schmerr, Jr.
Interaction of Ultrasonic Waves with Simulated and Real
Fatigue Cracks............................................... 61
D. K. Rehbein, R. B. Thompson and o. Buck
Modeling of Real UT Transducer Field/Flaw Interactions....... 73
B. A. Barna
Reflection of Ultrasonic Waves by an Array of Microcracks.... 83
Y. C. Angel and J. D. Achenbach
x CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: (CONTINUED)
A Model for the Ultrasonic Scattering From Multi-Branched
Cracks....................................................... 91
J. D. Achenbach, K.-Y. Hu, A. N. Norris, T. A. Gray
and R. B. Thompson
The Use of Surface Acoustic Waves to Study Small Fatigue
Cracks in 7075-T65l Aluminum and 4340 Steel.................. 103
H. H. Yuce, D. V. Nelson and M. T. Resch
Elastic Wave Scattering by a Surface-Breaking Planar Crack
in 3d........................................................ 115
William M. Visscher
Elastodynamic Stress Intensity Factors for an Interface
Crack in a Layered Half Space................................ 125
Huey-Ju Pearl Yang and David B. Bogy
The Elastic Compliance of Imperfect Interfaces: Review
and Relationship to Ultrasonic Scattering.................... 133
Jai-Man Baik and R. Bruce Thompson
Characterization of a Periodic Surface Profile by Pole-Zero
Parameterization of Elastodynamic Pulse Reflections.......... 145
R. A. Roberts and J. D. Achenbach
Response of an Elastic Plate to Surface Loads and Buried
Dislocat ion Sources.......................................... 153
N. Vasudevan and A. K. Mal
Surface Wave Modes on Spherical Cavities Excited by
Incident Ultrasound.......................................... 161
Anton Nag!, Y. J. Stoyanov, J. V. Subrahmanyam,
H. Uberall, P. P. Delsanto, J. D. Alemar and E. Rosario
Section C. Transducers and Signal Processing
Relationship of Gaussian Beam Theory to Scanned Ultrasonic
Measurements with Commercial Transducers..................... 167
R. B. Thompson and E. F. Lopes
Deconvolution by Design - An Approach to the Inverse
Problem of Ultrasonic Testing................................ 179
D. Eitzen, N. Hsu, A. Carasso and T. Proctor
System Analysis for Wide Band Ultrasonic Test Set-Ups........ 189
Ulrich Opara
Double Amplitude Evaluation in Ultrasonic Testing............ 197
Ulrich Opara
Error Sensitivity of Long and Intermediate Wavelength
Flaw Reconstruction.......................................... 203
S. J. Wormley and D. O. Thompson
CONTENTS
XI
CHAPTER 1: (CONTINUED)
Ultrasonic Welding Defect Sizing by Advanced Pattern
Recognition Techniques....................................... 213
Roger W. Y. Chan, Douglas Sharp, Jean-Pierre Monchalin,
Jean Bussiere and D. Robert Hay
EMAT/Synthetic Aperture Approach to Thick-Weld
Inspection. • . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • 225
Raymond E. Schramm and John C. Moulder
Characterization of Noise in Austenitic Stainless Steel...... 233
Marvin F. Fleming
Analysis of Many-Defect Systems.............................. 241
John M. Richardson and Kenneth W. Fertig, Jr.
Section D: Imaging and Reconstruction
Transmission Scanning Acoustic Microscopy for Tilted Plate
Specimens. . . • • • • . • • . • • . . • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . 253
J. K. Wang and C. S. Tsai
Low-Frequency Acoustic Microscopy............................ 263
P. Reinholdtsen, W. W. Hipkiss and B. T. Khuri-Yakub
The Focused-Beam Reflection-Mode Acoustic Microscope at
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory - Development and
Present Capability........................................... 271
R. D. Weglein, R. F. Wilson and S. E. Benson
Holographic Inspection for Debonds in Sonar Transducer
Head Mass/Shroud Subassemblies............................... 279
Cecil M. Teller
Long and Intermediate Wavelength Flaw Reconstruction......... 287
D. O. Thompson and S. J. Wormley
Reconstruction of Defects by Ultrasonic Testing Using
Synthetic Aperture Procedures............................... 297
Volker Schmitz and Paul Holler
Tomographic Reconstruction of Internal Temperature........... 309
S. J. Norton and H. N. G. Wadley
Acoustic Tomographic Reconstruction of Anomalies in
Three-Dimensional Bodies..................................... 319
R. M. Bevensee
Use of the Analytic Signal in Ultrasonic Imaging............. 327
Zane W. Bell