Review of Current Off-site Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response Arrangements in EU ...

265 Pages·2014·3.98 MB·English

by  George Neale Kelly

Review of Current Off-site
Nuclear Emergency
Preparedness and Response
Arrangements in EU Member
States and Neighbouring
Countries

ENER/D1/2012-474

Final Report

Appendices
Review of Current Off-site
Nuclear Emergency
Preparedness and Response
Arrangements in EU Member
States and Neighbouring
Countries

ENER/D1/2012-474

Final Report
Appendices

ENCO FR-(13)-29

Catalogue number MJ-01-14-257-EN-N
ISBN 978-92-79-36545-4
DOI 10.2833/20369
© European Atomic Energy Community, 2014

Prepared by:

for European Commission, DG ENER

December 2013
Disclaimer:
This report has been produced for the European Commission by the consortium
indicated. The views represented in the report are those of its authors and do not
necessarily represent the views or official position of the European Commission. The
European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this
report, nor does it accept responsibility for any use made thereof.

Review of Current Off-site Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response Arrangements in
EU Member States and Neighbouring Countries
Final Report - Appendices Page iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
14 APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE ON CURRENT STATUS OF ARRANGEMENTS AND
CAPABILITIES FOR OFF-SITE EP&R ....................................................... 1
15 APPENDIX B: SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONNAIRE ON CURRENT STATUS OF
ARRANGEMENTS AND CAPABILITIES FOR OFF-SITE EP&R .......................... 40
16 APPENDIX C: BENCHMARKING CRITERIA ............................................... 50
17 APPENDIX D: INTERNATIONAL OR EUROPEAN REQUIREMENTS, GUIDANCE OR
RECOMMENDATIONS USED IN MAPPING ............................................... 59
17.1 IAEA criteria/guidance used in mapping comparisons .......................................... 59
17.2 WHO criteria/guidance used in mapping comparisons .......................................... 63
17.3 EU criteria used in mapping comparisons ......................................................... 65
18 APPENDIX E: STAKEHOLDER GROUP ................................................... 66
18.1 Functions, Composition and Working Arrangements ............................................ 66
18.2 Membership of the Stakeholder and Core Groups ............................................... 69
18.3 Meetings of the Stakeholder Group and the Core Group ....................................... 71
18.3.1 Meeting of the CG and SG on 4-5 July ................................................................. 72
18.3.2 Meeting of the CG on 11-12 September ............................................................... 72
18.3.3 Meeting of the CG and SG on 1-2 October............................................................. 73
19 APPENDIX F: QUESTIONNAIRE ON POTENTIAL IMPROVEMENTS IN OFF-SITE
EP&R ......................................................................................... 78
20 APPENDIX G: RESULTS OF MAPPING OF CURRENT STATUS OF ARRANGEMENTS
AND CAPABILITIES FOR EP&R ........................................................... 82
20.1 Regulatory framework for protection of the public (Questions 2.1 – 2.4) ................... 82
20.2 Emergency Planning Zones (Questions 2.5 – 2.10 and 2.16) ................................... 83
20.2.1 Sheltering ................................................................................................... 83
20.2.2 Evacuation .................................................................................................. 84
20.2.3 Iodine prophylaxis ......................................................................................... 86
20.2.4 Food restrictions .......................................................................................... 88
20.2.5 Rationales for the selection of EPZ ..................................................................... 90
20.2.6 Summary .................................................................................................... 92
20.3 Intervention Levels (IL) and Operational Intervention Levels (OIL) (Questions 2.11 – 2.13)
........................................................................................................... 92
20.3.1 Dose criteria for introduction of protective measures .............................................. 92
20.3.2 Operational intervention levels (OIL) .................................................................. 99
20.3.3 Criteria for termination of protective measures ................................................... 100
20.4 Plant status (Questions 2.14 – 2.15) ............................................................. 101
20.5 Regulatory framework for the protection of off-site emergency personnel and rescuers
(Questions 3.1 – 3.4) ............................................................................... 102
20.6 Institutional arrangements (Questions 4.1 – 4.9 and 6.4) .................................... 105
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EU Member States and Neighbouring Countries
Final Report - Appendices Page iv
20.6.1 Local and national institutional arrangements ..................................................... 105
20.6.2 Cross border Institutional arrangements ............................................................ 106
20.7 Licensee’s arrangements and coordination with those responsible for off-site EP&R
(Questions 5.1 – 5.9) ............................................................................... 108
20.8 Coordination of off-site EP&R – role of key stakeholders (Questions 6.1 – 6.3) .......... 110
20.9 Timing and exercising of off-site EP&R arrangements (Questions 7.1 – 7.2) .............. 111
20.10 Practical aspects of protective measures ....................................................... 115
20.10.1 Issue of stable iodine (Questions 8.1.1 – 8.1.7) .................................................... 115
20.10.2 Sheltering (Questions 8.2.1 – 8.2.2) .................................................................. 118
20.10.3 Evacuation (Questions 8.3.1 – 8.3.4) ................................................................. 119
20.10.4 Food and drinking water restrictions (Questions 8.4.1 – 8.4.3) .................................. 121
20.10.5 Relocation (Question 8.5.1) ........................................................................... 123
20.10.6 Decontamination (Question 8.6.1).................................................................... 124
20.10.7 Return from evacuation or relocation (Questions 8.7.1) .......................................... 126
20.11 Countermeasures for farm animals (Question 9.1) ............................................ 127
20.12 Early warning and radiation monitoring systems (Questions 10.1 – 10.3) .................. 127
20.12.1 Gamma dose rate monitors ............................................................................ 127
20.12.2 Gamma spectrometry ................................................................................... 129
20.12.3 Air samplers .............................................................................................. 131
20.13 National capabilities for off-site EP&R .......................................................... 134
20.13.1 Radiation Surveys (Question 11.1.1) ................................................................. 134
20.13.2 Analysis of environmental samples (Questions 11.2.1 – 11.2.5) ................................. 135
20.13.3 Sufficiency of capabilities for radiation survey and the analysis of environmental samples 137
20.13.4 Systems or software for technical decision support (Questions 11.3.1 – 11.3.3) ............. 137
20.13.5 Decontamination capabilities for the built environment (Questions 11.4.1 – 11.4.3) ........ 142
20.13.6 Medical support and treatment (Questions 11.5.1 – 11.5.3) ..................................... 142
20.13.7 Assessing individual doses from measurements (Questions 11.6.1 – 11.6.3) ................... 144
20.14 Public information and communication (Questions 12.1 – 12.6) ............................ 147
20.14.1 Prior information ........................................................................................ 150
20.14.2 Informing the public in the event of an emergency ............................................... 150
20.15 Mutual assistance (Questions 13.1 – 13.4) ...................................................... 151
20.16 Extendibility of arrangements (Questions 14.1 – 14.3) ....................................... 156
20.17 Robustness of arrangements when emergency is associated with a major loss of
infrastructure (Questions 15.1 – 15.2) ........................................................... 158
20.18 Robustness of arrangements when emergency is protracted (Questions 16.1 – 16.2) ... 159
20.19 Commitment of licensee (Questions 17.1) ...................................................... 160
20.20 Funding (Question 18.1) ........................................................................... 160
20.21 Liability (Questions 19.1 – 19.2) .................................................................. 160
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Final Report - Appendices Page v
21 APPENDIX H: CROSS BORDER ARRANGEMENTS ..................................... 161
21.1 Case studies – purpose, scope and content ..................................................... 161
21.1.1 Purpose ................................................................................................... 161
21.1.2 Cross border arrangements ............................................................................ 161
21.1.3 Case studies .............................................................................................. 161
21.1.4 Scenarios for Evaluating Cross Border Arrangements .............................................. 162
21.2 Summary of Czech – Austrian case study ........................................................ 169
21.3 Case Study on the cooperation between Germany, France and other countries in the field
of nuclear and radiological EP&R ................................................................ 173
21.4 Cross border co-operation between the states of the 'Nordic Region' (Denmark, Finland,
Iceland, Norway, Sweden) in the field of nuclear and radiological EP&R ................. 176
21.4.1 Status...................................................................................................... 176
21.4.2 Specific areas of cross border co-operation ........................................................ 177
21.4.3 Key issues identified .................................................................................... 179
21.4.4 References ............................................................................................... 182
22 APPENDIX I: SUMMARIES OF NATIONAL AND REGIONAL WORKSHOPS ON
POTENTIAL IMPROVEMENTS IN, AND/OR CROSS BORDER ARRANGEMENTS FOR,
EP&R ........................................................................................ 185
22.1 Workshop with Germany on potential improvements in off-site EP&R ..................... 185
22.2 Workshop with CEE countries (AT, CZ, HU, PL, SI, SK) on potential improvements in off-
site EP&R ............................................................................................. 187
22.3 Workshop with France and the UK on potential improvements in off-site EP&R ......... 192
22.4 Workshop on cross border co-operation between Germany and Switzerland in the field of
nuclear and radiological EP&R .................................................................... 194
22.5 Workshop on cross border co-operation between States of the “Greater Region”
(Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands) in the field of nuclear and
radiological EP&R ................................................................................... 198
23 APPENDIX J: SUMMARIES OF MEETINGS WITH DG ECHO AND DG ENER ON EP&R
ARRANGEMENTS AND CAPABILITIES IN THE EC ..................................... 204
23.1 Meeting with DG ECHO on EP&R arrangements in the EC (especially the ERC) ........... 204
23.2 Meeting with DG ENER (D3) on EP&R arrangements under EURATOM ...................... 207
24 APPPPENDIX K: SUMMARIES OF THE ONGOING AND PLANNED ACTIVITIES AND
INITIATIVES BEING TAKEN BY INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND EUROPEAN
NETWORKS OR ASSOCIATIONS IN THE AREA OF OFF-SITE EP&R ................ 209
24.1 European Commission .............................................................................. 209
24.1.1 Legislative and related matters ....................................................................... 209
24.1.2 Initiatives in response to the Fukushima accident ................................................. 210
24.1.3 Research and Development ............................................................................ 211
24.1.4 Cooperation with third countries on EP&R under INSC ............................................ 215
24.2 West European Nuclear Regulators Association (WENRA) .................................... 216
24.3 Heads of European Radiological protection Competent Authorities (HERCA) ............. 218
Review of Current Off-site Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response Arrangements in
EU Member States and Neighbouring Countries
Final Report - Appendices Page vi
24.3.1 Emergencies occurring elsewhere in the world (ie, outside Europe) ........................... 218
24.3.2 Emergencies occurring in Europe ..................................................................... 221
24.3.3 References ............................................................................................... 222
24.4 Summary of the Nuclear Energy Agency’s (NEA) Committee on Radiation Protection and
Public Health’s (CRPPH) activities in the area of EP&R from 2011 - 2013 ................. 223
24.4.1 Background ............................................................................................... 223
24.4.2 Global findings ........................................................................................... 225
24.4.3 Specific findings ......................................................................................... 227
24.4.4 References ............................................................................................... 232
24.5 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) .................................................... 233
24.5.1 Background ............................................................................................... 233
24.5.2 International safety standards, guidance and practical tools in EPR ........................... 235
24.5.3 Appraisal of national EPR arrangements and capabilities ........................................ 236
24.5.4 Notification, Information Exchange and Assistance Mechanism in a Nuclear or Radiological
Emergency .......................................................................................................... 238
24.5.5 Inter-Agency coordination in EPR ..................................................................... 242
24.5.6 Communication with the public in a nuclear or radiological emergency ....................... 242
24.5.7 Other relevant activities in EPR ...................................................................... 243
24.5.8 References ............................................................................................... 245
24.6 ENSREG ............................................................................................... 246
25 ANNEX I: TENDER SPECIFICATIONS .................................................... 248
I. SPECIFICATIONS .......................................................................... 248
I.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 248
I.3. Reports and documents to produce - Timetable to observe ................................. 253
I.3.1. Progress reports ......................................................................................... 255
I.3.2. Final report ............................................................................................... 255
I.3.3. Report format and publication ........................................................................ 256
I.4. Duration of the tasks ............................................................................... 256
I.5. Place of performance .............................................................................. 256
I.6. Estimate of the amount of work involved ...................................................... 256
Review of Current Off-site Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response Arrangements in
EU Member States and Neighbouring Countries
Final Report - Appendices Page vii
INDEX OF TABLES
Table 16-1: IAEA requirements for preparedness and response for a nuclear or radiological emergency
(IAEA GS-R-2) ........................................................................................... 50
Table 16-2: EU legislative provisions relating to emergency preparedness and response ................ 57
Table 17-1: Suggested radii of emergency planning zones for reactors >1000 MW(th) ................... 59
Table 17-2: Generic optimized intervention levels for initiating intervention ............................. 59
Table 17-3: Generic optimized intervention level for terminating intervention ........................... 59
Table 17-4: Generic action levels for foodstuffs ................................................................ 60
Table 17-5: Generic criteria ........................................................................................ 60
Table 17-6: Default operational intervention levels (OILs) for field survey measurements .............. 60
Table 17-7: Default screening OILs for food, milk and water concentrations from laboratory analysis 61
Table 17-8: Default operational intervention levels (OILs) for ground deposition dose rates ........... 61
Table 17-9: Default OIL for concentrations if I-131 and Cs-137 in food, milk and drinking water ...... 62
Table 17-10: Default OIL for dose rate from the thyroid ........................................................ 62
Table 17-11: Guidance values for restricting exposure of emergency workers .............................. 63
Table 17-12: Recommended single dosage of stable iodine according to age group ....................... 63
Table 17-13: Recommended repeat dosages ...................................................................... 64
Table 17-14: Reference levels of dose for different population groups for consideration in planning
iodine prophylaxis ..................................................................................... 64
Table 17-15: Maximum permitted levels for foodstuffs (Bq/kg) ............................................... 65
Table 18-1: Membership of the Stakeholder Group ............................................................. 69
Table 18-2: Membership of the Core Group ...................................................................... 71
Table 18-3: Meetings of the Stakeholder and Core Groups .................................................... 72
Table 18-4: Agenda for meeting of the SG on 4-5 July, 2013 in Luxembourg .............................. 74
Table 18-5: Agenda for meeting of the SG on 1-2 October, 2013 in Luxembourg ......................... 76
Table 20-1: Rationales for the selection of EPZ ................................................................. 90
Table 20-2: Mapping of responses to questions about EP&R arrangements by the NPP licensee ...... 109
Table 20-3: Number or frequency of repeat intakes (countries with NPP) ............................... 116
Table 20-4: Number or frequency of repeat intakes (countries without NPP) ........................... 116
Table 20-5: Areas and numbers of people concerned for stable iodine pre-distribution ............... 118
Table 20-6: Decision support capabilities ...................................................................... 140
Table 20-7: Capabilities for medical support and treatment ............................................... 143
Table 20-8: National capabilities for individual dose assessment .......................................... 145
Table 20-9: Mapping of responses to questions about public information and communication – Nuclear
Countries ............................................................................................. 148
Table 20-10: Mapping of responses to questions about public information and communication – Non-
nuclear Countries .................................................................................... 149
Table 20-11: Mutual assistance arrangements .................................................................. 152
Table 20-12: Capabilities registered or planned to be registered with RANET ............................ 155
Table 20-13: Extendibility arrangements mapping ............................................................. 157
Table 20-14: Robustness of arrangements when emergency associated with a major loss of
infrastructure – Nuclear Countries ................................................................ 158
Table 20-15: Robustness of arrangements when emergency associated with a major loss of
infrastructure – Non-nuclear Countries .......................................................... 158
Table 20-16: Robustness of arrangements for protracted emergencies – Nuclear Countries ............ 159
Table 20-17: Robustness of arrangements for protracted emergencies – Non-nuclear Countries ...... 159

Review of Current Off-site Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response Arrangements in
EU Member States and Neighbouring Countries
Final Report - Appendices Page viii
INDEX OF FIGURES
Figure 20-1: EPZ for sheltering ..................................................................................... 84
Figure 20-2: EPZ for evacuation .................................................................................... 85
Figure 20-3: EPZ for iodine prophylaxis ........................................................................... 87
Figure 20-4: EPZ for food restrictions ............................................................................. 89
Figure 20-5: Dose criteria for the introduction of sheltering .................................................. 94
Figure 20-6: Dose criteria for introduction of evacuation ...................................................... 95
Figure 20-7: Dose criteria for the introduction of iodine prophylaxis ........................................ 97
Figure 20-8: Dose criteria for introduction of relocation ....................................................... 98
Figure 20-9: Avertable or projected effective dose for termination of relocation ....................... 101
Figure 20-10: Dose criteria for protection of emergency workers ............................................ 104
Figure 20-11: Frequency of emergency exercises per NPP per year ......................................... 113
Figure 20-12: Frequency of emergency exercises at national and international levels ................... 114
Figure 20-13: Use of stable iodine with other protective measures ......................................... 115
Figure 20-14: Pre-distribution of stable iodine .................................................................. 117
Figure 20-15: Recommendations on sheltering .................................................................. 119
Figure 20-16: Recommendations on evacuation ................................................................. 120
Figure 20-17: Other practical aspects of evacuation ........................................................... 120
Figure 20-18: Practical aspects of food and drinking water restrictions .................................... 122
Figure 20-19: Practicable aspects of relocation ................................................................. 124
Figure 20-20: Practical aspects of decontamination ............................................................ 125
Figure 20-21: Practical aspects of return from evacuation or relocation ................................... 126
Figure 20-22: Number of gamma dose rate monitors in national early warning and monitoring systems
......................................................................................................... 128
Figure 20-23: Density of gamma dose rate monitors in national early warning and monitoring systems
......................................................................................................... 128
Figure 20-24: Number of gamma spectrometers with real time data transfer in national early warning
and monitoring systems ............................................................................ 130
Figure 20-25: Density of gamma spectrometers with real time data transfer in national early warning
and monitoring systems ............................................................................ 130
Figure 20-26: Number of air samplers in national early warning and monitoring systems ............... 132
Figure 20-27: Density of air samplers in national early warning and monitoring systems ................ 133
Figure 20-28: Capability for carrying out vehicle based surveys .............................................. 134
Figure 20-29: Capability for carrying out aerial surveys ....................................................... 135
Figure 20-30: Capabilities for preparing and measuring environmental samples .......................... 136
Figure 20-31: Bi-lateral arrangements for mutual assistance ................................................. 154
Figure 20-32: Capabilities registered, or planned for registration, with RANET ........................... 156
Figure 20-33: Frequency of testing/exercising extendibility arrangements ................................ 157

Review of Current Off-site Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response Arrangements in
EU Member States and Neighbouring Countries
Final Report - Appendices Page ix
14 APPENDIX A: Questionnaire on current status of
arrangements and capabilities for off-site EP&R

Analysis of Current Arrangements in the EU and Neighbouring Countries for
Nuclear Off-site Emergency Preparedness and Response

Questionnaire Template
on
Data collection for Current Arrangements and
Capabilities for Off-site Nuclear EP&R in Europe

Review of Current Off-site Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response Arrangements in
EU Member States and Neighbouring Countries
Final Report - Appendices Page 1