review of armenian studies

353 Pages·2015·2.16 MB·English

SPECIAL ISSUE:
Centenary of the Armenian Resettlement
REVIEW OF
A S
RMENIAN TUDIES
A Biannual Journal of History, Politics and International Relations
3n1o:
2015 Sina AKŞİN Uluç GÜRKAN
Tal BUENOS Birsen KARACA
Sadi ÇAYCI Jean-Louis MATTEI
Sevtap DEMİRCİ
Armand SAĞ
Maxime GAUIN
Turgut Kerem TUNCEL
Christopher GUNN
BOOK REVIEW
Michael M. GUNTER Jeremy SALT
REVIEW OF ARMENIAN STUDIES
A Biannual Journal of History, Politics and International Relations
2015, No: 31
EDITOR
Ömer Engin LÜTEM
MANAGING EDITOR
Aslan Yavuz ŞİR
EDITORIAL BOARD
In Alphabetical Order
Prof. Dr. Seçil KARAL AKGÜN Ömer E. LÜTEM
(Ret. Ambassador)
Prof. Dr. Hüseyin BAĞCI
(Middle East Technical University) Prof. Dr. Nurşen MAZICI
(Marmara University)
Prof. Dr. Nedret KURAN BURÇOĞLU
(Boğaziçi University) Prof. Dr. Nesib NESSİBLİ
(Khazar University)
Prof. Dr. Sadi ÇAYCI
(Başkent University) Prof. Dr. Hikmet ÖZDEMİR
(Political Scientist)
Prof. Dr. Kemal ÇİÇEK
(İpek University) Prof. Dr. Hüseyin PAZARCI
Dr. Şükrü ELEKDAĞ Prof. Dr. Mehmet SARAY
(Ret. Ambassador) (Historian)
Prof. Dr. Temuçin Faik ERTAN Dr. Bilal N. ŞİMŞİR
(Institute of History of Turkish Revolution) (Ret. Ambassador, Historian)
Dr. Erdal İLTER Dr. Pulat TACAR
(Historian) (Ret. Ambassador)
Alev KILIÇ
(Ret. Ambassador,
Director of the Center for Eurasian Studies)
ADVISORY BOARD
In Alphabetical Order
Ertuğrul APAKAN Dr. Ayten MUSTAFAYEVA
(Ret. Ambassador) (Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences)
Prof. Dr. Edward ERICKSON Jeremy SALT
(Historian) Prof. Dr. Norman STONE
Prof. Dr. Michael M. GUNTER (Bilkent University)
(Tennessee Technological University) Prof. Dr. Ömer TURAN
Prof. Dr. Enver KONUKÇU (Middle East Technical University)
Prof. Dr. Jean-Louis MATTEI Prof. Dr. Hakan YAVUZ
(Historian) (Utah University)
Prof. Dr. Justin MCCARTHY
(University of Louisville)
PUBLISHER
Ali Kenan ERBULAN
Review of Armenian Studies is published biannually
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CONTENTS
(İÇİNDEKİLER)
Page
Contributors...............................................................................................................................................5
(Yazarlar)
Editorial Note.............................................................................................................................................9
(Editörün Notu)
ARTICLES
(MAKALELER)
A General Appraisal of the Armenian Issue..........................................................................15
(Ermeni Meselesinin Genel Bir Değerlendirmesi)
Prof. Dr. Sina AKŞİN
Historiography and the Future of Multiculturalism in Europe:
Perinçek v. Switzerland.................................................................................................................35
(Tarih Yazımı ve Avrupaʼda Çok-Kültürlülüğün Geleceği:
Perinçek-İsviçre Davası)
Tal BUENOS
S
T
Lawfare Against Turkey: A Case Study On Armenian Claims On Insurgencies N
E
and Ottoman Counter-Measures During the First World War .....................................57 T
(Türkiyeʼye Karşı Hukuk Savaşı: Birinci Dünya Savaşı Sırasında N
O
Yaşanan Ayaklanmalar ve Osmanlı Devletinin Aldığı Karşı-Önlemler
C
İle İlgili Ermeni İddiaları Üzerine Bir Vaka Analizi)
Prof. Dr. Sadi ÇAYCI
From Sevres to Lausanne: The Armenian Question (1920-23)...................................65
(Sevrʼden Lozanʼa: Ermeni Sorunu (1920-23))
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sevtap DEMİRCİ
The Armenian Forced Relocation:
Putting an End to Misleading Simplifications.......................................................................93
(Ermeni Zorunlu Göçü: Aldatıcı Basitleştirmelere Son Vermek)
Maxime GAUIN
The Rise and Fall of ASALA and Armenian
Revolutionary Federation Terrorism......................................................................................133
(ASALA ve EDF Terörizminin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Çöküşü)
Assist. Prof. Dr. Christopher GUNN
A Century Later: Towards Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement?................................153
(Yüzyıl Sonra: Türk-Ermeni Uzlaşmasına Doğru?)
Prof. Dr. Michael M. GUNTER
Review of Armenian Studies 3
No. 31, 2015
The Malta Tribunals......................................................................................................................181
(Malta Yargılamaları)
Uluç GÜRKAN
Armenian Terror During the Change in the
Perception of and Reaction Towards Terrorism...............................................................205
(Terör Algısının ve Teröre Karşı Verilen
Tepkilerin Değişim Sürecinde Ermeni Terörü)
Prof. Dr. Birsen KARACA
DroshakNewspaper: A Newspaper That Openly Supported Terrorism.................223
(“Droşak” Gazetesi: Açık Açık Terörizmi Savunan Bir Organ)
Prof. Dr. Jean-Louis MATTEI
The Perfect Ethnocide:
A Review of Bas Kromhoutʼs ʻDe Perfecte Genocideʼ...................................................243
(Mükemmel Etnosid:
Bas Kromhout'un ʻMükemmel Soykırım' Yazısının Değerlendirmesi)
Armand SAĞ
A Look at the Perinçek v. Switzerland Case:
Examination of a Lawsuit to Understand the Current State of the
Armenian-Turkish Dispute And Prospective Developments.......................................293
(Perinçek-İsviçre Davasıʼna Bir Bakış: Ermeni-Türk İhtilafının
Güncel ve Gelecekteki Olası Durumunun Anlaşılması için Bir Dava Analizi)
Dr. Turgut Kerem TUNCEL
BOOK REVIEW
(KİTAP TAHLİLİ)
A Lawyerʼs Blundering Foray Into History...........................................................................325
(Bir Hukukçunun Tarihe Karşı Kör Edici Saldırısı)
Jeremy SALT
Contributors
Sina AKŞİNis a retired professor of history. He graduated from Istanbul
University Faculty of Law. He earned two master’s degrees on
International Relations from Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in
Boston. He earned his PhD degree from Istanbul University Faculty of
Letters. He lectured in Robert College in 1961-1967. He served as a
professor of history at Ankara University Faculty of Political Sciences
until his retirement in 2004. Akşin has many articles published in
different newspapers and journals. He is also the author of several books
including Turkey, from Empire to Revolutionary Republic: The
Emergence of the Turkish Nation from 1789 to Present; Jön Türkler ve İttihat ve Terrakki
(Young Turks and the Committee of Union and Progress) and Essays in Ottoman-Turkish
Political History.
Tal BUENOS is currently a PhD candidate in Political Science at the
University of Utah. He has a Master's degree in Theological Studies from
Harvard Divinity School, and a Bachelor of Arts degree in Jewish
Philosophy from Tel Aviv University. Tal's main focus is on the relations
between international politics and the genocide discourse. His research
interests include American foreign policy, British imperialism, conflict
between Armenians and Turks, international relations theory,
multiculturalism, postcolonialism, and racism. Tal has published articles
in Turkish and Israeli newspapers such as Daily Zaman, Hurriyet Daily
News, Daily Sabah, and the Jerusalem Post.
Sadi ÇAYCIis a professor of international law at Başkent University. He
is also the Vice Dean of the Faculty of Law and the Director of the Baskent
University Center for Strategic Research. He teaches courses on European
Unon Law, National Security, Law of Rules of Engagement and Basic
Legal Concepts. Previously, he served as a military judge (askeri hakim)
in the Turkish Armed Forces (1975-2004), and Advisor of International
Law at Ankara based think-tank Eurasia Strategic Research Center
(ASAM) (2004-2008).
Sevtap DEMİRCİis a lecturer at Boğaziçi University Ataturk Institute.
She graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Political Sciences
and earned a master’s degree from the Institute of Social Sciences of the
same university. She also holds a master’s degree on International
Relations from Cambridge University. She earned her PhD in
International History at London School of Economics and Political
Science. Demirci is the author of four books, including Strategies and
Struggles - British Rhetoric and Turkish Response: The Lausanne
Conference 1922-1923and British Public Opinion towards the Ottoman
Empire during the Two Crises.
Review of Armenian Studies 5
No. 31, 2015
Maxime GAUIN is a researcher at the Center for Eurasian Studies
(AVİM). He He has an MA in History from Paris-I-Sorbonne University.
He is currently a PhD candidate at the Middle East Technical University
department (located in Ankara). He has published articles in in several
academic journals. He regularly contributes to different newspapers with
his commentaries.
Christopher GUNN is an assistant professor of history at Coastal
Carolina University in South Carolina. Dr. Gunn received a BA in Foreign
Affairs from the University of Virginia, an MA in Political Science from
the University of Rhode Island and a PhD in History from Florida State
University. His current research interests include transnational violence,
terrorism and militias in the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, the Caucasus, the
Balkans and the eastern Mediterranean.
Uluç GÜRKANis a renowned journalist and former Deputy Speaker of
the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. He graduated from Ankara
University Faculty of Political Sciences. He worked at several newspapers
and news agencies such as Sabah, Güneş, Star and ANKA News Agency.
He served three terms as a member of parliament and was the chairman
of the Turkish groups of the Parliamentary Assembly at the European
Council and the Assembly of the Western European Union. He is currently
a lecturer at the Middle East Technical University. Gürkan is the author
of three books; Malta Yargılamaları (Malta Trials), Ermeni Katliamı
Suçlaması Yargılama ve Karar (Armenian Massacre Allegations, Trials and Verdict),Ermeni
Sorunu Anlamak(Understanding the Armenian Question).
Michael M. GUNTERis a professor of political science at Tennessee
Technological University where he teaches courses on international
relations, international organizations, international law, American foreign
policy, European politics, and American politics, among others. He also is
the Secretary-General of the EU Turkey Civic Commission (EUTCC)
headquartered in Brussels. In the past he taught courses on international
and comparative politics for many years during the summer at the
International University in Vienna, as well as courses on Kurdish and
Middle Eastern politics, among others, for the U.S. Government Areas
Studies Program and U.S. Department of State Foreign Service Institute in Washington, D.C. He
is the author of eleven books on the Kurdish question and co-editor (with Mohammed M. A.
Ahmed) of three more books on the Kurds, among others. He was a former Senior Fulbright
Lecturer in International Relations in Turkey and also has held Fulbright awards for China and
Israel.
Birsen KARACA is a professor of Armenian language and culture at
Ankara University. She received a BA on Slavic Languages and
Literatures, and an MA on Russian Language and Literature from Ankara
University, and a PhD on Armenian Language and Literature and on
Russian Language and Literature from Lomonosov Moscow State
University. She is the author of seven books on Russian literature,
Armenian literature and Armenian history and a Turkish-Eastern Armenian
6 Review of Armenian Studies
No. 31, 2015
dictionary. Her articles appeared in Review of Armenian Studies, GeoPolitica, Vestnik
Moskovskogo Universiteta, Dialog-MGU, Levant Report Series, Ermeni Araştırmaları Dergisi,
Diplomatic Observer and several others.
Jean-Louis MATTEIis a historian and author. He graduated from the
Department of French Literature and Latin-Ancient Greek, Faculty of
Letters and Human Sciences of Aix-en-Provence and earned his
master’s degree from the same university. After teaching at Lycée de
Galatasaray and Lycée Tevfik Fikret, he worked as a specialist at the
Department of French Language Teaching, Faculty of Education at the
University of Uludağ (1988-2004). He has many translations and
articles on published in various journals. Mattei also published about
twenty books of his original literary work and translations. Some of his
works are Belgelerle Büyük Ermenistan Peşinde Ermeni Komiteleri (Armenian Committees
in Pursuit of a Greater Armenia), Une Epopée d’Eba Müslim, Vie de Saint Théodore de
Sykéon, Affaires Turques.
Armand SAĞis a Ph.D. fellow in the Netherlands, He is the Chairman
of the Institute for Turkish Studies based in Utrecht, Netherlands. He is
the author of History and More: Reflections of a Historian(2011) and
Learning Grammar of Turkey-Turkish: Answers, and the co-author of
Revolutions in the Middle East: Perception and Consequences(2012),
among many other titles and publications.
Jeremy SALTis a former journalist and a retired academic. He taught
courses in modern Middle Eastern history and propaganda in the
Department of Political Science and Public Administration at Bilkent
University, Ankara; and in Middle Eastern Politics in the Department of
Political Science, University of Melbourne. He wrote two books;
Imperialism, Evangelism and the Ottoman Armenians 1878-1896(Frank
Cass, London, 1993) and The Unmaking of the Middle East. A History of
Western Disorder in Arab Lands. (Berkeley: University of California
Press, 2008). His articles appeared in Middle East Policy, Third World
Quarterly, Insight Turkey, Arena, Middle Eastern Studies, Muslim World, Current History,
Journal of Arabic, Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies, International Journal of Turkish Studies,
Journal of Palestine Studies, Review of Armenian Studies.
Turgut Kerem TUNCELis a specialist at the Center for Eurasian Studies
(AVİM). He completed his undergraduate degree in 2001 at Middle East
Technical University with a major in psychology and a minor in sociology.
He holds a M.A. in political science from Bilkent University. Dr. Tuncel
earned his Ph.D. degree in Sociology and Social Research from Università
degli Studi di Trento in 2014. His research interests include diasporas,
digital culture, social memory, society and politics in the Caucasus,
Armenian diaspora, society and politics in Armenia, and Armenia-Turkey
relations. Dr. Tuncel is the author of the book Armenian Diaspora:
Diaspora, State and the Imagination of the Republic of Armenia.
Review of Armenian Studies 7
No. 31, 2015
.
EDITORIAL NOTE
Remembering and commemorating the past events experienced by peoples
or nations is an ordinary thing to do. However, freshening up past grudges
and reviving those events in the present day, in a time when peaceful notions
and behaviors gain more importance, should be seen as unapprovable. Also,
instrumentalization of commemoration of the past events to bring up problems
that were previously solved by international agreements creates a legally
unacceptable situation.
In this context, another point to dwell on are the efforts to show events that
took place a century ago as having political significance or to create a new
political significance for those events. If this method is adopted or at least is
excused, it will provide opportunity to reopen the files formerly closed by a
legal process and to to get back to deal with the previously resolved issues with
other countries or communities. This will result in the questioning of the
E
present political system and for this reason, it may cause new crisis triggered T
O
by focusing on past events. It is impossible for such a position to be adopted N
by some of the few countries and communities which have not yet faced the L
A
past events, accepted their fate and the foundation of a new political system. I
R
O
Let us try to explain this thought by an example. For instance, at the present, T
I
D
if Turkey, the successor of the Ottoman Empire, would start to question and
E
even refuse the legal consequences of the Balkan Wars and the First World War
that happened one century ago in the era of the Ottoman Empire, this would
amount to the non-recognition of the sovereignty of the Balkan and Arab
countries. Insisting on such a stance would cause new crises in the Balkans
and Middle East. However, despite the power it currently possesses, Turkey
does not try to break the status quo in its favor, but on the contrary, Turkey
struggles to preserve it.
On the other hand, Armenia and especially the Armenian Diaspora continues
to have a particularly hostile attitude of questioning the political system
established a century ago in the South Caucasus region. Although it might be
thought that such attempts will bear no results due Armenia’s frailty, there is
still a potential danger arising from the absence of bilateral political trust. Thus,
constantly living under the effects of the past events, creates a situation which
obstructs the building of a future.
Neither Armenia not the diaspora have been able to forget their century old
ambitions despite the fact that there is no possibility for them to become true.
Review of Armenian Studies 9
No. 31, 2015