Table Of ContentRaia-Silva Massad
Benjamin Loubet Editors
Review and Integration
of Biosphere-Atmosphere
Modelling of Reactive Trace
Gases and Volatile Aerosols
Éditions Cirad, Ifremer, Inra, Irstea
www.quae.com
Review and Integration of Biosphere-Atmosphere
Modelling of Reactive Trace Gases
and Volatile Aerosols
Raia-Silva Massad · Benjamin Loubet
Editors
Review and Integration
of Biosphere-Atmosphere
Modelling of Reactive Trace
Gases and Volatile Aerosols
1 3
Editors
Raia-Silva Massad Benjamin Loubet
INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR1402 INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR1402
ECOSYS ECOSYS
Thiverval-Grignon Thiverval-Grignon
France France
Éditions Quæ, R10, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
ISBN 978-94-017-7284-6 ISBN 978-94-017-7285-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-7285-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015943354
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London
© Éditions Quæ 2015
The following unaltered chapter has an Open Access license: Flechard et al—Advances in Understand-
ing, Models and Parameterizations of Biosphere-Atmosphere Ammonia Exchange. The original article
has been published open access under Creative commons License Deed (CC BY3.0 FR add Link): Bio-
geosciences, 10, 5183–5225, 2013 doi:10.5194/bg-10-5183-2013 © The Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution
3.0 License.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dordrecht is part of Springer Science+Business Media
(www.springer.com)
Contents
Introduction ................................................... 1
R.-S. Massad and B. Loubet
Part I Review Documents
Advances in Understanding, Models and Parameterizations
of Biosphere-Atmosphere Ammonia Exchange ...................... 11
C.R. Flechard, R.-S. Massad, B. Loubet, E. Personne,
D. Simpson, J.O. Bash, E.J. Cooter, E. Nemitz and M.A. Sutton
Modelling Atmosphere-Biosphere Exchange of Ozone
and Nitrogen Oxides ............................................ 85
L. Ganzeveld, C. Ammann and B. Loubet
Bidirectional Exchange of Volatile Organic Compounds .............. 107
A. Guenther
Surface/Atmosphere Exchange of Atmospheric Acids
and Aerosols, Including the Effect and Model Treatment
of Chemical Interactions ........................................ 115
E. Nemitz
Part II Synthesis According to Compounds
Modelling the Air–Surface Exchange of Ammonia
from the Field to Global Scale .................................... 153
J.O. Bash, C. Flechard, M. Adon, P. Cellier, J.L. Drouet, S. Genermont,
B. Grosz, L. Horvath, R.-S. Massad, M.A. Sutton, M.R. Theobald
and R. Wichink Kruit
v
vi Contents
O and NO Exchange ........................................... 163
3 x
B. Loubet, C. Ammann, J.F. Castell, L. Emberson, L. Ganzeveld,
A.S. Kowalski, P. Laville, L. Merbold, E. Personne, P. Stella,
J.-P. Tuovinen and A. Tuzet
Bi-directional Exchange of Volatile Organic Compounds .............. 169
R. Forkel, A. Guenther, K. Ashworth, C. Bedos, C. Delon, J. Lathiere,
S. Noe, E. Potier, J. Rinne, O. Tchepel and L. Zhang
Aerosol and Acid Gases ......................................... 181
D. Simpson, E. Nemitz, J. Burkhardt, D. Famulari, M. Kasik,
B. Loubet, I. Rumsey, J. Walker, T. Weidinger and V. Wolff
Part III Synthesis According to Model Component
Gaseous Stomatal Exchange and Relation to Ecosystem Functioning ... 191
E. Personne, L. Emberson, L. Balezentiene, J.-F. Castell,
A. Kowlaski, A. Tuzet and V. Wolff
Impact of Leaf Surface and In-canopy Air Chemistry
on the Ecosystem/Atmosphere Exchange of Atmospheric Pollutants .... 199
J. Lathière, L. Zhang, M. Adon, K. Ashworth, J. Burkhardt,
C. Flechard, R. Forkel, A. Guenther, J. Walker, E. Nemitz,
E. Potier and I. Rumsey
Soil and Litter Exchange of Reactive Trace Gases ................... 207
R.-S. Massad, M.A. Sutton, J.O. Bash, C. Bedos, A. Carrara,
P. Cellier, C. Delon, D. Famulari, S. Genermont, L. Horvath
and L. Merbold
In-Canopy Turbulence—State of the Art and Potential Improvements .... 215
M. Theobald, B. Loubet, C. Ammann, L. Branislava, B. Chojnicki,
L. Ganzeveld, B. Grosz, M. Kaasik, S. Noe, J. Olejnik, J. Rinne,
M. Shapkalijevski, D. Simpson, O. Tchepel, J.-P. Tuovinen,
T. Weidinger and R. Wichink Kruit
A Common Conceptual Modelling Framework for Reactive
Trace Gases and Volatile Aerosols Atmosphere-Biosphere Exchange
in Chemical Transport Models ................................... 225
R.-S. Massad and B. Loubet
Abstract
A full understanding of land-atmosphere exchange processes is a key to properly
assess the air pollution and climate change impacts on humans and ecosystems as
well as the link between climate change and air quality. Biogenic trace gas emis-
sions used in air quality models are simplified and mostly based on the emission
factors that are constitutively unable to integrate the impacts of climate change.
Similarly, deposition of tropospheric pollutants in air quality models is simplified,
and the effects of land-use changes on emissions and depositions are currently not
well defined. We should therefore aim at better quantifying the contribution of ter-
restrial surfaces to atmospheric pollution and the global greenhouse gas balance.
There is, however, at present no coherent model framework that can encom-
pass the wide range of processes and their interactions that proceed in or near the
canopy, and to a large extent govern the carbon and nitrogen land–atmosphere
exchanges. In particular, this is true for those processes that operate on short time-
scales and involve reactive gases and aerosol particles. There is a need to identify
major mechanisms and factors affecting the exchange of trace gases and volatile
aerosols between the biosphere and the atmosphere and to improve methodolo-
gies currently used in accounting for emissions and deposition in landscape- and
global-scale models. Moreover, a change in paradigm is needed to consider bidi-
rectional exchanges rather than emission and deposition separately.
Experts in biosphere–atmosphere exchange of trace gases and aerosols came
together in Paris in September 2012 in order to integrate the most recent advances
made in the field into a common modelling framework adapted for local-,
regional- and global-scale models. The international workshop was jointly organ-
ized by the EU-COST 804 action, the EU-FP7 ‘Eclaire’ Integrated Project and the
INRA and AgroParistech French research institutions. This book reports the major
outcomes of the workshop in the form of four reviews based on four different
compound types: (i) ammonia, (ii) ozone and nitrous oxides, (iii) volatile organic
compounds and (iv) aerosols and acid gases given in the first part. The second
part provides four synthesis chapters by compound type on recent research results,
key challenges and shortcomings. The third part comprises four synthesis chapters
on recent advances and key challenges on the components of a common modelling
vii
viii Abstract
framework: (i) stomatal exchange and ecosystem functioning, (ii) surface and in-
canopy chemistry, (iii) within-canopy turbulence and (iv) soil and litter emissions.
The final section consists of a conclusion which proposes a common conceptual
modelling framework for reactive trace gases and volatile aerosols exchange in
chemical transport model.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the:
– Project “Effects of Climate Change on Air Pollution Impacts and Response
Strategies for European Ecosystems” (ECLAIRE), funded under the EC 7th
Framework Programme (Grant Agreement No. 282910),
– COST Action ES0804 “Advancing the integrated monitoring of trace gas
exchange between biosphere and atmosphere” (ABBA),
– Project “Pan European Gaz AeroSOls climate interaction Studies”
(PEGASOS) funded under the EC 7th Framework Programme (Grant
Agreement No. 265148).
We are thankful to the Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Agronomy
and Environment department as well as the AgroParitech for funding and hosting
the Workshop.
We are thankful to the Labex BASC (Biodiversité, Agroécosystème, Société,
Climat) and the FIRE (Fédération Île-de-France de Recherche sur l’Environnement)
for supporting this work and its publication.
We would like to thank Sophie Formisano and Sophie Ravailhe for helping in
the organization of the Workshop.
Although this work was reviewed by EPA and approved for publication, it may
not necessarily reflect official Agency policy.
ix
Introduction
R.-S. Massad and B. Loubet
The earth system consists of a large number of interacting components. The
atmosphere for example is not only controlled by chemical and turbulent pro-
cesses occurring in situ but also by fluxes of energy and a variety of chemi-
cal species between the atmosphere and the biosphere and hydrosphere. Global
change is probably going to affect the extent and distribution of these processes.
Traditionally the ocean, atmosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere have been con-
sidered separately due to strong boundaries between the disciplines. The impor-
tance of interactions between the different components is however now firmly
recognised.
When considering biosphere—atmosphere exchange of trace gases and volatile
aerosols, significant advances have been made in recent years both from an experi-
mental and modelling point of view and on several scales, going from organ to plant
to plot and to the landscape level. The current parameterisation of dry deposition of
gaseous compounds mostly used in global atmospheric transport models is devel-
oped according to the scheme of Wesely (1989). This parameterization was slightly
updated by Walmsley and Wesely (1996) but still represents the state of knowledge of
the mid 1980s, based on the measurements available at the time. Since then, chemi-
cal analysers and measurement techniques have advanced significantly and an increas-
ing number of flux measurements have been made over the past 20 years with large
spatial distributions with the development of measurement networks (e.g. FLUXNET,
ACCENT). This has resulted not only in identifying major mechanisms and factors
affecting the exchange of trace gases and volatile aerosols between the biosphere and
R.-S. Massad (*) · B. Loubet
INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR1402 ECOSYS, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
e-mail: [email protected]
B. Loubet
e-mail: [email protected]
© Éditions Quæ 2015 1
R.-S. Massad and B. Loubet (eds.), Review and Integration of Biosphere-Atmosphere
Modelling of Reactive Trace Gases and Volatile Aerosols,
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-7285-3_1
