Table Of ContentRetrovirus-Cell
Interactions
Edited by
Leslie J. Parent
Penn State College of Medicine
Hershey, PA, United States
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom
525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek
permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements
with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency,
can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-12-811185-7
For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at
https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: Andre Gerhard Wolff
Acquisition Editor: Linda Versteeg-Buschman
Editorial Project Manager: Pat Gonzalez
Production Project Manager: Mohanapriyan Rajendran
Cover Designer: Christian J. Bilbow
Conceptualization of Cover Image: Stephen P. Goff
Typeset by TNQ Technologies
This book is dedicated to those people and their families
who have been affected by retrovirus infections;
scientists who have worked throughout the years to
study retroviruses and develop preventive strategies
and treatments; and students who will follow in their
footsteps to find a cure.
Contents
List of Contributors xiii
Author Biographies xv
Preface xxvii
Introduction xxix
1. Retrovirus Receptor Interactions and Entry
Lorraine M. Albritton
Envelope Glycoproteins: Domain Structure 2
Retrovirus Entry Receptors 4
Virus Attachment 10
The Basics of Membrane Fusion 13
Do Receptor Interactions Contribute to the Envelope Proteins
Functions That Drive Entry? 16
Do Env–Receptor Interactions Contribute to Pathogenesis? 23
Host Defenses That Inhibit Retroviral Entry Also Drive Envelope
Protein Variation 26
Coevolution of Virus and Receptor 28
Captured Retroviral Envelope Proteins in the Development of
Mammalian Placenta and Male Muscle Mass 30
References 31
2. Cellular Factors That Regulate Retrovirus Uncoating
and Reverse Transcription
Stephen P. Goff
A Brief Description of Early Events of Infection 53
Monitoring the Course of Infection in Early Stages 56
Host Factors Promoting Early Events of Infection 62
Host Factors Restricting Infection in Early Stages of Infection 71
Sensing and Responding to Infection: Innate Immunity 85
Applications for Therapy 88
Conclusions: Parting Words 89
References 90
vii
Contents ix
Future Research of Retroviral Transcription 217
Acknowledgments 218
References 219
6. Teetering on the Edge: The Critical Role of RNA
Processing Control During HIV-1 Replication
Ahalya Balachandran, Liang Ming and Alan Cochrane
Introduction 229
Role of hnRNPs in the Regulation of HIV-1 RNA Processing 231
Role of SR Proteins in the Regulation of HIV-1 RNA Processing 236
Manipulation of HIV-1 RNA Processing With Small Molecules 240
Acknowledgments 245
References 245
7. Cellular RNA Helicases Support Early and Late
Events in Retroviral Replication
Gatikrushna Singh, Xiao Heng and Kathleen Boris-Lawrie
RNA Helicase and Retroviruses in the Advent of
“Omics Technology” 258
Early Events: Reverse Transcription and Integration 259
DHX9/RNA Helicase A Activity in the Genomic RNP 259
MOV10 Activity in Virions Remains Undefined 262
Late Events: Provirus Transcription, Primary RNA Processing,
Export, Translation, Formation of Genomic RNP 262
Nuclear Cap–Binding Proteins and RNA Helicase: Translation
Evading Nonsense RNA–Mediated Decay 265
Steady-State Translation: Switching 5′Cap–Binding Proteins to
Gain eIF4E 266
Therapeutic Targeting at the Interface of RNA Helicase and
Cognate Retroviral RNA 267
References 268
8. Role of Host Factors in the Subcellular Trafficking
of Gag Proteins and Genomic RNA Leading to
Virion Assembly
Eunice C. Chen and Leslie J. Parent
Introduction 274
Nuclear Export of Viral RNAs 275
Retroviral Genome Trafficking in the Cytoplasm 279
Retroviral Gag Protein Trafficking 281
Factors That Interact With Gag or Viral RNA to Restrict
Virus Replication 296
Concluding Remarks 298
Acknowledgments 299
References 299
x Contents
9. Tumor Suppressor Gene 101: A Virus’ Multifunctional
Conduit to the ESCRT Trafficking Machinery
Carol A. Carter
Introduction 318
Tumor Suppressor Gene 101 Structure 323
Tumor Suppressor Gene 101 Participation 328
Cellular Factors That Work With Tumor Suppressor Gene 101 330
Tumor Suppressor Gene 101 Role in Budding of Other Viruses 335
Questions Remaining 339
Acknowledgments 340
References 340
10. The Role of Lipids in Retroviral Replication
Abdul A. Waheed and Eric O. Freed
Introduction 353
Lipids in Retroviral Entry 360
Retroviral Assembly 363
Lipids in Retroviral Cell–Cell Transfer 375
Inhibition of Retroviral Replication With Lipid-Modifying Agents 379
Concluding Remarks 381
References 382
11. Cellular Immune Responses to Retroviruses
Susan R. Ross
Introduction 401
Steps of the Retrovirus Infection Pathway Targeted by the
Host Intrinsic/Innate Response 402
Host Pathways Implicated in Cellular Control of Retrovirus
Infection 406
Subversion of Cellular Immune Responses by Retroviruses 412
Conclusions 414
References 414
12. Noncoding RNAs in Retrovirus Replication
Alice A. Duchon and Karin Musier-Forsyth
Introduction 421
Host RNAs Packaged Into Virions 423
Long Noncoding RNA and Endogenous Retroviruses 434
Functional Transactivating Response Element RNAs 439
RNA Interference and miRNAs 440
Therapeutics 450
Concluding Remarks 453
Acknowledgments 453
References 453
