Response to nuclear or radiological emergencies

1012 Pages·2002·9.807 MB·English

by  T McKenna, J F Lafortune, Rafael Martinčič, E Buglova, P F L Heilbron, et al

THE HANDBOOK
OF HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS SPILLS
TECHNOLOGY
Merv Fingas, Ph.D.
Editor-in-Chief
McGRAW-HILL
NewYork Chicago SanFrancisco Lisbon London Madrid
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Thehandbookofhazardousmaterialsspillstechnology / MervFingas,editor-in-chief.
p. cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN0-07-135171-X
1. Hazardoussubstances—Safetymeasures—Handbooks,manuals,etc. 2. Hazardous
substances—Accidents—Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Fingas,MervinF.
T55.3.H3H3515 2001
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CONTRIBUTORS
JeffreyA.Adams ENGEOInc.,SanRamon,California(CHAP.14)
ErtugrulAlp Alp&AssociatesIncorporated,RichmondHill,Ontario,Canada(CHAP.10)
Margaret-AnnArmour DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton(CHAP.29)
J.Arnaldos Centred’EstudisdelRiscTecnolo`gic(CERTEC),UniversitatPolite`cnicadeCatalunya—
Institutd’EstudisCatalans,Barcelona,Catalonia,Spain(CHAPS.22,31,41)
AndreasF.Bienz Bienz,Kummer&PartnerLtd,ConsultingEngineers—SafetyPlanning,RiskMan-
agement,Zollikerberg,Switzerland(CHAP.12)
E. Buglova Research and Clinical Institute of Radiation Medicine and Endocrinology, Ministry of
Health,Minsk,Belarus(CHAP.9)
BertrandCarissimo Electricite´deFrance,Chatou,France(CHAP.19)
J. Casal Centre d’Estudis del Risc Tecnolo`gic (CERTEC), Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya—
Institutd’EstudisCatalans,Barcelona,Catalonia,Spain(CHAPS.22,31,41)
Philip Chatwin Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. (CHAP.
25)
NijsJanDuijm RisøNationalLaboratory,Roskilde,Denmark(CHAP.19)
C.A.LeifEricson CHEMTREC,Arlington,VA(CHAP.5)
MervFingas EmergenciesScienceDivision,EnvironmentCanada,EnvironmentalTechnologyCentre,
RiverRoad,Ottawa,Ontario(CHAPS.16,30,32–36,38,39,44)
ErnstGoldschmitt UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram,Paris(CHAP.2)
R. F. Griffiths Environmental Technology Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, UMIST,
Manchester,UnitedKingdom(CHAP.37)
JohnS.Gulliver DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofMinnesota,Minneapolis,Minnesota
(CHAP.20)
A. J. (Tony) Haggerty Hazardous Substance Advisor, Auckland Region, New Zealand Fire Service
(CHAP.4)
P.F.L.Heilbron BrazilianNuclearEnergyCommission,Botafogo,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil(CHAP.9)
DavidE.Hibbs BarrEngineeringCompany,AnnArbor,Michigan(CHAP.20)
F.Jonckheere TradeandEnvironmentServices,EuropeanChemicalIndustryCouncil/ConseilEuro-
pe´endel’industriechimique(CEFIC),Brussels(CHAP.8)
T. Kapias Environmental Technology Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, UMIST,
Manchester,UnitedKingdom(CHAP.37)
KerryKetcheson EmergenciesScienceDivision,EnvironmentalTechnologyCentre,EnvironmentCan-
ada,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada(CHAPS.39,44)
S.BruceKing AristaTek,Inc.andWesternResearchInstitute(WRI),Laramie,Wyoming(CHAP.23)
JaakkoKukkonen FinnishMeteorologicalInstitute,AirQualityResearch,Helsinki,Finland(CHAPS.
27,40)
xvii
xviii CONTRIBUTORS
PeterO.Kummer Bienz,Kummer&PartnerLtd.,CH-8125Zollikerberg,Switzerland(CHAP.26)
J.F.Lafortune InternationalSafetyResearch,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada(CHAP.9)
CarolLau EnvironmentalEmergenciesBranch,EnvironmentCanada,Hull,Quebec(CHAP.44)
Richard Lawuyi Emergencies Science Division, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
(CHAPS.32,33,34,35,36.38)
KenLi EmergenciesScienceDivision,EnvironmentCanada,EnvironmentalTechnologyCentre,River
Road,Ottawa,Ontario(CHAP.16)
Don Mackay Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario,
Canada(CHAP.24)
MichelMarchand RueAlainColas,BP20413,29604BREST(France)(CHAPS.3,7,43,45)
R.Martincˇicˇ J.StefanInstitute,Ljubljana,Slovenia(CHAP.9)
Gordon McKay Department of Chemical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology,ClearWaterBay,Kowloon,HongKong(CHAP.15)
T.McKenna InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency,Vienna(CHAP.9)
Stefan Micallef Regional Marine Pollution Emergency, Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea
(REMPEC),ManoelIsland,Gzira,Malta(CHAP.1)
H.Montiel Centre d’Estudis del Risc Tecnolo`gic (CERTEC), Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya—
Institutd’EstudisCatalans,Barcelona,Catalonia,Spain(CHAPS.22,31,41)
JoeC.Y.Ng DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,TheHongKongUniversityofScienceandTech-
nology,ClearWaterBay,Kowloon,HongKong(CHAP.15)
M.Nielsen RisøNationalLaboratory,Roskilde,Denmark(CHAP.18)
JuhaNikmo FinnishMeteorologicalInstitute,AirQualityResearch,Helsinki,Finland(CHAP.27)
JohnS.Nordin AristaTek,Inc.andWesternResearchInstitute(WRI),Laramie,Wyoming(CHAPS.17,
23)
JohnC.Pine Professor-Research,InstituteforEnvironmentalStudies,
LouisianaStateUniversity,BatonRouge,Louisiana(CHAP.11)
E. Planas-Cuchi Centre d’Estudis del Risc Tecnolo`gic (CERTEC), Universitat Polite`cnica de Catal-
unya—Institutd’EstudisCatalans,Barcelona,Catalonia,Spain(CHAPS.22,31,41)
KrishnaR.Reddy UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,DepartmentofCivilandMaterialsEngineering,
Chicago,Illinois(CHAP.14)
ThayneRouth AristaTek,Inc.andWesternResearchInstitute(WRI),Laramie,Wyoming(CHAP.23)
K.E.Sellers AMECEarth&Environmental,Inc.,Westford,Massachusetts(CHAP.28)
Rajesh Seth Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario,
Canada(CHAP.24)
DavidSheesley AristaTek,Inc.andWesternResearchInstitute(WRI),Laramie,Wyoming(CHAP.23)
Mary-AnnSpicer EnvironmentalEmergenciesBranch,EnvironmentCanada,Hull,Quebec(CHAP.44)
ClydeStrong President,ClydeStrong&Associates,Inc.,CollegeStation,Texas(CHAP.13)
Paul J. Sullivan Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, London,
Ontario,Canada(CHAP.25)
J. E. S. Venart Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton,
NewBrunswick,Canada(CHAPS.21,42)
J.Verlinden TradeandEnvironmentServices,EuropeanChemicalIndustryCouncil/ConseilEurope´en
del’industriechimique(CEFIC),Brussels(CHAP.6)
CONTRIBUTORS xix
J.A.Vı´lchez Centred’EstudisdelRiscTecnolo`gic(CERTEC),UniversitatPolite`cnicadeCatalunya—
Institutd’EstudisCatalans,Barcelona,Catalonia,Spain(CHAPS.22,31,41)
VaughanR.Voller DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofMinnesota,Minneapolis,Minnesota
(CHAP.20)
ThomasK.Warnock CHEMTREC,Arlington,VA(CHAP.5)
ABOUT THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Merv Fingas, Ph.D., is Chief, Emergencies Sciences Division, Environment
Canada.Hisresearchspecialtiesaretheproperties,behavior,andmodelingofhaz-
ardousmaterials,especiallyoil.AmemberoftheeditorialboardoftheJournalof
Hazardous Materials, he also edits Spill Technology Newsletter, published by En-
vironmentCanada.HeisamemberoftheexecutivecommitteeoftheASTMF-20
onspillstandards.Hehasover450publications.
PREFACE
Thesituationwithrespecttohazardousmaterialshaschangedverymuchinthelast20years.
Forexample,thesophisticationofspillmodelinghasincreasedsignificantly.Duringthesame
time, however, the technology for cleaning up chemical spills has changed little. This vari-
ance is largely a reflection of technological changes in society as well as funding levelsfor
research into hazardous materials spills.
Hazardous materials have been and will continue to be articles of commerce that, when
used correctly, provide many of the materials that are an everyday part ofourhighstandard
of living. When hazardous materials are properly handled, they pose no threat or danger.
Unfortunately, no matter how careful the planning and how great the care, accidents will
occur. It is then critical that we minimize the effects of such accidents on the population
and the environment. This can only be done by applying the best available knowledge and
technology to the problem.
Systematic work in developing methodologies for containment and mitigation ofhazard-
ous materials began in about 1970. Funding for these efforts has been variable since that
time. Aftermajor, publicizedaccidentshaveoccurredinanarea,fundingincreasesandthen
wanes as the attention of the public and funders is focused on other problems. It is very
important then to capture the knowledge and developments of an era so that they can be
transmitted to the next group of spill responders to focus their attention on problems with
hazardous materials spills. This Handbook will, we hope, fulfill that role.
This Handbook would not be possible without the many contributors and the efforts of
the more than 100 persons who reviewed papers. The contributors represent the world’s
foremost experts in their fields and bring a great wealth of experience to this Handbook.
This expertise is now made available to a broad range of Handbook users and willimprove
our capability for planning and conducting response to hazardous material incidents.
Merv Fingas, Ph.D.
Editor-in-Chief
xxi
CONTENTS
Contributors xvii
Preface xxi
Part 1 HAZARDOUSMATERIALPROGRAMS
Chapter 1 Preparednessfor and Responseto AccidentalMarinePollution—
A RegionalPerspective 1.3
1.1 Introduction / 1.3
1.2 GlobalInitiativesforDealingwithAccidentalMarinePollution / 1.4
1.3 UNEP’SRegionalSeasProgramme / 1.5
1.4 TheMediterraneanActionPlan(MAP) / 1.7
1.5 RegionalAgreementsonPreparednessforandResponsetoAccidentalMarine
Pollution / 1.15
1.6 TheMediterraneanSea / 1.17
1.7 EstimatesofSeaborneTraffic / 1.19
1.8 MaritimePatternsintheMediterranean / 1.20
1.9 Ports’SystemintheMediterranean / 1.21
1.10 HazardousCargoFlowandTrade / 1.22
1.11 AccidentalMarinePollutionintheMediterranean / 1.22
1.12 TheEmergencyProtocoltotheBarcelonaConvention / 1.23
1.13 RoleofREMPECinPreparedness,Response,andCooperationforAccidentalMarine
Pollution / 1.26
1.14 TheStateofPreparednessintheMediterraneanRegion / 1.28
1.15 TheRoleofREMPECintheFieldofPreventionofMarinePollutionfromShips / 1.28
1.16 Conclusion / 1.30
1.17 References / 1.30
Chapter 2 Awareness and Preparednessfor Emergenciesat Local Level 2.1
2.1 WhatisAPELL? / 2.1
2.2 TheObjectivesoftheAPELLHandbook / 2.2
2.3 TheAPELLPartnersandtheirResponsibilities / 2.3
2.4 TheAPELLProcess / 2.4
2.5 CommunityAwareness / 2.5
2.6 APELLWorldwide / 2.5
2.7 TheAPELLHandbookandNewsletter / 2.5
2.8 UNEPDTIETechnicalReports(RelatedtoAPELLandTechnologicalAccidents) / 2.6
Chapter 3 ResponseOptionsfor Accidentsand Spills of Hazardous
Materials in France 3.1
3.1 Introduction / 3.1
3.2 TransportofHazardousMaterials / 3.1
v
vi CONTENTS
3.3 TransportbyRail / 3.3
3.4 WaterPollution / 3.3
3.5 StatisticalAnalysisoftheAccidents / 3.3
3.6 References / 3.4
Chapter 4 HazardousMaterials Emergenciesin New Zealand 4.1
4.1 NewZealand—ABackground / 4.1
4.2 TheNewZealandFireService / 4.2
4.3 EarlyChemicalFires / 4.3
4.4 StorageandHandlingofHazardousMaterialsinNewZealand / 4.8
4.5 LegislationReview / 4.9
4.6 HazardousSubstancesandNewOrganismsAct / 4.10
4.7 Conclusions / 4.10
Chapter 5 CHEMTREC(TheChemical TransportationEmergencyCenter) 5.1
5.1 Introduction / 5.1
5.2 CHEMTREC’SResponsetoanEmergencyCall / 5.2
5.3 MedicalEmergencies / 5.4
5.4 NewHazards:ResourcesforIncidentsInvolvingWeaponsofMassDestruction(WMD) / 5.5
5.5 Product-Specific,Mutual-AidNetworks / 5.5
5.6 EmergencyServicesSpecialists / 5.5
5.7 TrainingResources / 5.6
5.8 DrillsforEmergencies / 5.8
5.9 TypicalCHEMTRECIncidents / 5.9
Chapter 6 SQAS: Safety and Quality AssessmentSystems for the Transport/
Storage/Handlingof Chemicals 6.1
6.1 Background / 6.1
6.2 Objective / 6.1
6.3 AssessmentDocuments / 6.2
6.4 AssessmentProcess / 6.2
6.5 BenefitsofSQAS / 6.3
6.6 OverviewofSQASPackages / 6.3
6.7 HowtoUseSQAS / 6.7
6.8 References / 6.10
Chapter 7 Regulationsfor TransportingHazardousMaterials in France 7.1
7.1 Introduction / 7.1
7.2 DomesticTransport / 7.2
7.3 InternationalTransport / 7.3
7.4 References / 7.4
Chapter 8 InternationalChemical Environment(ICE)—EmergencyResponse 8.1
8.1 GeneralConcept / 8.1
8.2 CurrentlyOperationalNationalICESchemesandCenters / 8.3
CONTENTS vii
Part 2 NUCLEAR EMERGENCIES
Chapter 9 Responseto Nuclear or RadiologicalEmergencies 9.3
9.1 Introduction / 9.3
9.2 Background / 9.8
9.3 ExposurePathways / 9.12
9.4 PreparednessRequirements / 9.16
9.5 ResponseRequirements / 9.42
9.6 EmergencyWasteManagememt / 9.66
9.7 InternationalConventions / 9.68
9.8 NationalRequirementsandGuidance—UnitedStates / 9.73
9.9 SourcesofAdditionalGuidance / 9.79
9.10 References / 9.79
Part 3 RISK ASSESSMENT
Chapter 10 Risk Assessmentand Managementwith a Focus on Releases
of HazardousMaterials 10.3
10.1 RiskAssessmentandManagement / 10.3
10.2 RiskAnalysisTechniques / 10.10
10.3 Acknowledgments / 10.48
10.4 References / 10.49
Chapter 11 Liability in EmergencyManagement 11.1
11.1 Introduction / 11.1
11.2 TheThreat / 11.2
11.3 LiabilityunderStateLaw / 11.2
11.4 Negligence:DetermineIfLiabilityExists / 11.3
11.5 HowCouldLiabilityArise? / 11.6
11.6 TypesofImmunityfromLiability / 11.6
11.7 DefensesinLiabilityClaims / 11.10
11.8 DeterminingLiability / 11.11
11.9 TypesofDamagesandRelief / 11.12
11.10 IndemnificationofEmployeesandVolunteers—WhoPays? / 11.15
11.11 FederalPlanningRequirements / 11.16
11.12 RoleofLegalCounsel / 11.17
11.13 Conclusions / 11.17
11.14 KeyTerms / 11.18
11.15 References / 11.18
Chapter 12 Risk-Based Conceptfor the Safety Assessmentof Handlingof
Ammunitionand Explosivesby Swiss Forces and Administration 12.1
12.1 TheReasons / 12.1
12.2 TheCourseofAction / 12.2
12.3 TheMethodologicalConcept / 12.3
12.4 TheRegulationsandOrganization / 12.10
12.5 IllustratingApplications / 12.11
12.6 Benefit / 12.17
12.7 References / 12.17