Table Of ContentPALGRAVE STUDIES IN
CYBERCRIME AND CYBERSECURITY
Series Editors: Marie-Helen Maras
and Thomas J. Holt
RESPECTABLE
DEVIANCE AND
PURCHASING
MEDICINE ONLINE
Opportunities and Risks
for Consumers
Lisa Sugiura
Palgrave Studies in Cybercrime and Cybersecurity
Series Editors
Marie-Helen Maras
John Jay College of Criminal Justice CUN
New York, NY, USA
Thomas J. Holt
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI, USA
This book series addresses the urgent need to advance knowledge in the
fields of cybercrime and cybersecurity. Because the exponential expansion
of computer technologies and use of the Internet have greatly increased
the access by criminals to people, institutions, and businesses around the
globe, the series will be international in scope. It provides a home for
cutting-edge long-form research. Further, the series seeks to spur conver-
sation about how traditional criminological theories apply to the online
environment. The series welcomes contributions from early career
researchers as well as established scholars on a range of topics in the cyber-
crime and cybersecurity fields.
More information about this series at
http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14637
Lisa Sugiura
Respectable Deviance
and Purchasing
Medicine Online
Opportunities and Risks for Consumers
Lisa Sugiura
University of Portsmouth
Portsmouth, UK
Palgrave Studies in Cybercrime and Cybersecurity
ISBN 978-3-319-74484-1 ISBN 978-3-319-74485-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74485-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017964505
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A
cknowledgements
I am indebted to a number of individuals and organisations without whose
support, time and encouragement, I would have been unable to undertake
the research or write this book. Catherine Pope, Craig Webber, Mark Weal,
David Wall, staff and my fellow cohort at the Web Science Doctoral
Training Centre at the University of Southampton, for their direction and
collaboration during my PhD. To the participants, without you there
would be no study and so I thank you for engaging with the research, and
myself and for providing such valuable insights into a little known phe-
nomenon. Sincere thanks go to my colleagues at the Institute of Criminal
Justice Studies at the University of Portsmouth, I could not ask for a more
supportive and academically stimulating environment to be based in. To
my students, past, present and future; having the privilege to teach is one
of the very best parts about academia, and I thank you for the passion and
motivation you inspire in me. Thanks also go to Steph Carey and Josie
Taylor at Palgrave for their help and assistance, it has been a pleasure to
work with you both.
Moreover, I thank my family and friends, thank you for your continu-
ous love, reassurance and the confidence that you instill in me; I could not
have done this without you. Dad, thank you for always believing in me and
for being a constant source of inspiration. Matt, I thank you for consis-
tently being there and for incentivising and comforting me when needed.
Dylan, I am already so proud of you and the person you are becoming,
v
vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I hope you continue to be kind, conscientious and socially aware. To
Mum, Kev, Denise, Dot, Bill, Adam, Terhi, and Josh, thank you too for
being in my life and the personal and intellectual stimulation you provide.
Finally, I would like to dedicate this book to Laura, an exceptional academic,
beautiful person – inside and out, and amazing friend. I miss you.
c
ontents
1 Introduction 1
2 Contextualising the Online Pharmaceutical Trade 21
3 Opportunities in Online Medicine Purchasing 67
4 Challenging the Risks in Online Medicine Purchasing:
Respectable Deviance 101
5 Conclusion 139
Bibliography 147
Index 165
vii
l A
ist of bbreviAtions
CDAPCA Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
CDSA Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
CSA Controlled Substances Act
DA Drugs Act 2005
DEA Drug Enforcement Administration
DoH Department of Health
DPA Data Protection Act 1998
ECHR European Convention on Human Rights
ED Erectile Dysfunction
EEC European Economic Community
FDA Federal Drug Administration
FDA Food and Drugs Act
FFDCA Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
GPhC The General Pharmaceutical Council
HCP Healthcare Professional
HMR Human Medicines Regulations 2012
HRA Human Rights Act 1998
INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organisation
MDA Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
MHRA Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
NABP National Association of Boards of Pharmacy
NDA New Drug Application
NHS National Health Service
NICE National Institute for Clinical Excellence
NPS Novel Psychoactive Substances (‘Legal Highs’)
ix
x LIST OF ABBREvIATIONS
OTC Over-the-Counter Medicine
PDMA Prescription Drug Marketing Act 1987
RPSGB Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain
TMA The Medicines Act 1968
vIPPS verified Internet Pharmacy Practice Sites
WHO World Health Organisation
WWW World Wide Web
